Abstract
This research analyzes the risk-adjusted returns and the investment style of sustainability-themed funds, a fast-growing category of sustainable and responsible mutual fund. Sustainability-themed funds are compared with sustainable and responsible mutual funds that implement different approaches in portfolio selection and management, and with thematic funds not involved in responsible investment strategies. The study uses a European sample of 1512 mutual funds where 468 are sustainability-themed funds, 633 are other sustainable and responsible funds, and 411 thematic funds. Monthly performance and fund characteristics are analyzed for the period 2007–2017 using a single factor Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), a Fama and French (1993) 3-factor model, and, lastly, a Fama and French (Journal of Financial Economics, 116: 1–22, 2015) 5-factor model. The analysis is extremely innovative. During the last 15 years, literature about sustainable and responsible investment has focused on the differences in terms of risk and performance between socially responsible and conventional funds. Starting from the methodology applied in previous studies, and in light of their exponential growth in recent years, this paper focuses on sustainability-themed mutual funds. We demonstrate that sustainability-themed funds differ in terms of risk, performance, and investment style from other funds that implement social responsible strategies and from thematic funds focusing on a specific theme, but not responsible investment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
SMB, HML, RMV and CMA factors relating to European markets were downloaded from the Web site http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/ken.french/data_library.html#Developed (downloaded the 30/6/2017).
- 2.
We run the same analysis with DJIA index obtaining similar results. These results are available from the authors on request.
References
Bauer, R., Derwall, J., & Otten, O. (2007). The ethical mutual fund performance debate: New evidence from Canadam. Journal of Business Ethics, 70, 111–124.
Bauer, R., Koedijk, K., & Otten, R. (2005). International evidence on ethical mutual fund performance and investet style. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29, 1751–1767.
Becchetti, L., & Fucito, L. (2000). La finanza etica: Considerazioni teoriche e simulazioni empiriche. Quaderni CEIS, 108, 29–67.
Bello, Z. Y. (2005). Socially responsible investing and portfolio diversification. The Journal of Financial Research, 28(1), 41–57.
Benson, K. L., Brailsford, T. J., & Humphrey, J. E. (2006). Do socially responsible funds managers really invest differently? Journal of Business Ethics, 65, 337–357.
Bernett, M., & Salomon, R. (2006). Beyond dichotomy: The curvilinear relationship between social responsibility and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27(11), 1101–1122.
Bérubé, V., Ghal, S., & Tétrault, J. (2015). From index to insight: The rise of thematic investing. McKinsey on Investing, 1(Winter), 1–7.
CBI. (2016). Bonds and climate change. State of the Market Report.
Chan, L. K. C., Jegadeesh, N., & Lakonishok, J. (1996). Momentum strategies. Journal of Finance, 51(5), 1681–1713.
Chen, J., Hong, H., Hung, M., & Kubic, J. D. (2004). Does fund size erode mutual fund performance? The role of liquidity and organization. The American Economic Review, 94(5), 1276–1302.
Cohen, M., Fenn, S., & Konar, S. (1997, April). Environmental and financial performance: Are they related? Investor Responsibility Research Center Working Paper.
D’Antonio, L., Johnsen, T., & Hutton, B. (1997). Expanding socially screened portfolios: An attribution analysis of bond performance. Journal of Investing, 6(4), 79–86.
Das, P. K., & Rao, S. U. (2014). Performance persistence in socially responsible mutual funds. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 8(4), 490–503.
Diltz, J. D. (1995). Does social screening affect portfolio performance? Journal of Investing, 4(1), 64–69.
European Commission. (2016). Report in http://ec.europa.eu/finance/investment/social.investment.funds/index_en.htm.
ESRB. (2016, February). Too late, too sudden: Transition to a low-carbon economy and systemic risk. Advisory Scientific Committee Report.
Eurosif. (2016). European SRI Study. Brussels.
Fama, E., & French, K. (1993, February). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), 3–56.
Fama, E., & French, K. R. (1996). Multifactor explanations of asset pricing anomalies. Journal of Finance, 51(1), 55–84.
Fama, E., & French, K. (2015, April). A five-factor asset pricing model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116(1), 1–22.
Filbeck, G., & Gorman, R. (2004). The relationship between the environmental and financial performance of public utilities. Environmental & Resource Economics, 29, 137–157.
Financial Standard. (2009). Financial standard guide to thematic investing. Guide Series, 5(1), 1–24.
Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (GSIA). (2017). Global Sustainable Investment Review 2016, Bloomberg, US, 1–31.
Goldreyer, E. F., Ahmed, P., & Diltz, J. D. (1999). The performance of socially responsible mutual funds: Incorporating sociopolitical information in portfolio selection. Managerial Finance, 25(1), 23–36.
Gregory, A., Matatko, J., & Luther, R. (1997). Ethical unit trust financial performance: Small company effects and fund size effects. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 24(5), 705–725.
Grossmann, B., & Sharpe, W. (1986). Financial implication of South Africa divestment. Financial Analysts Journal, 42(4), 15–29.
Hamilton, S., Jo, H., & Statman, M. (1993). Doing well while doing good? The investment performance of socially responsible mutual funds. Financial Analysts Journal, 49(6), 62–66.
Hudson, R. (2005). Ethical investing: Ethical investors and managers. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(4), 641–657.
Huij, J., & Verbeek, M. (2009). On the use of multifactor models to evaluate mutual fund performance. Financial Management, 38(1), 75–102.
Imbens, G. (2004). Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1), 4–29.
In, F., Kim, M., Park, R. J., Kim, S., & Kim, T. S. (2014). Competition of socially responsible and conventional mutual funds and its impact on fund performance. Journal of Banking & Finance, 44, 160–176.
Jensen, M. (1968). Problems in selection of security portfolios, the performance of mutual funds in the period 1945–1964. The Journal of Finance, 23, 389–416.
Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. J. (2009). Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
Kreander, N., Gray, R. H., Power, D. M., & Sinclair, C. D. (2005). Evaluating the performance of ethical and non-ethical funds: A matched pair analysis. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 32(7–8), 1465–1493.
Kurtz, L. (1997). The impact of social screening on growth-oriented investment strategies. The Journal of Performance Measurement, Spring, 65–71.
Lulewicz-Sas, A., & Kilon, J. (2014). Analysis of the effectiveness of socially responsible investment funds in Poland. Economics and Management, 19(4), 338–345.
Luther, R., Matatko, J., & Corner, D. (1992). The investment performance of UK ‘ethical’ unit trust. Accounting, Audit and Accountability Journal, 5, 57–70.
Mackenzie, C., & Lewis, A. (1999). Moral and markets: The case of ethical investing. Business Ethics Quarterly, 9(3), 439–452.
Mallin, C. A., Saadouni, B., & Briston, R. J. (1995). The financial performance of ethical investment funds. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 22(4), 483–496.
Markowitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Financial, 7(1), 77–91.
Markowitz, H. M. (1991). Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification of investment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Moskowitz, M. (1972). Choosing socially responsible stock. Business and Society Review, 1, 71–75.
Msci website. (2018). www.msci.com.
Nicholls, M. (2015, February). Special report ESG: Carbon risk, a changing climate. IPE.
Pasali, S. S. (2013, October). Where is the cheese? Synthesizing a giant literature on causes and consequences of financial sector development (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6655). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Reilley, F., & Norton, E. (2006). Investment (7th ed.). Toronto: Thomson South-Western.
Renneboog, L., Ter Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2008a). Socially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behaviour. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32, 1723–1742.
Renneboog, L., Ter Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2008b). The price of ethics and stakeholder governance: The performance of socially responsible mutual funds. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14, 302–322.
Rudd, A. (1979). Divestment of South Africa equities: How risky? Journal of Portfolio Management, 5(3), 5–10.
Rudd, A. (1981). Social responsibility and portfolio performance. California Management Review, 23(4), 55–61.
Sanchez, J. L. F., & Sotorrio, L. L. (2010). Performance of European ETI funds vs. conventional funds. Conference paper: IV Encuentro AECA ‘Inovacio y responsabilidad: desafios y soluciones’.
Sauer, D. A. (1997). The impact of social-responsibility screens on investment performance: Evidence from the Domini 400 social index and Domini Equity Mutual Fund. Review of Financial Economics, 6(2), 137–149.
Scholtens, B. (2005). What drives socially responsible investment? The case of Netherlands. Sustainable Development, 13, 129–137.
Sharpe, W. F. (1966). Mutual fund performance. The Journal of Business, 39(1), 119–138.
Statman, M. (2000). Socially responsible mutual funds. Financial Analyst Journal, 56(3), 30–39.
Towers Watson. (2012). Thematic investing. London.
Vigeo Eiris Rating. (2016, October). Green, social and ethical funds in Europe. 2016 release.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ielasi, F., Rossolini, M. (2019). A New Approach to Sustainable and Responsible Investment: The Sustainability-Themed Mutual Funds. In: La Torre, M., Chiappini, H. (eds) Socially Responsible Investments. Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05014-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05014-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05013-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05014-6
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)