Abstract
This chapter describes the current knowledge on the effects of synbiotics on the health and performance of farm and companion animals. The mechanism of action, beneficial effects, and demonstrated study results proving the efficacy of synbiotics in poultry, cattle, pigs, and companion animals are presented. Synbiotics are now being considered important tools to help maintaining animals in good health and improving growth performance. The majority of studies dealing with synbiotics have been conducted in poultry, but increasing research has been focused on other animal species. The administration of synbiotics in animals is favorable for the beneficial intestinal microbiota which play several and significant roles including production of various nutrients for their host, prevention of infections caused by intestinal pathogens, and modulation of immunological response. Thus, modification of the microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract in order to attain, restore, and maintain positive balance in the ecosystem and activity of the intestinal microbiota is essential for the improvement of health and performance of animals. Synbiotics comprising of both most appropriate probiotic microorganisms and synergistic prebiotics may be still more effective and beneficial for animal health and production.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdel-Hafeez HM, Saleh ESE, Tawfeek SS, Youssef IMI, Abdel-Daim ASA (2017) Effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic with and without feed restriction on performance, hematological indices and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 30(5):672–682
Abdelqader A, Irshaid R, Al-Fataftah AR (2013) Effects of dietary probiotic inclusion on performance, eggshell quality, cecal microflora composition, and tibia traits of laying hens in the late phase of production. Trop Anim Health Prod 45(4):1017–1024
Abdel-Raheem SM, Abd-Allah SMS, Hassanein KMA (2012) The effects of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbial ecology and histomorphology of broiler chickens. IJAVMS 6(4):277–289
Abdel-Wareth AA (2016) Effect of dietary supplementation of thymol, synbiotic and their combination on performance, egg quality and serum metabolic profile of Hy-line Brown hens. Br Poult Sci 57(1):114–122
Adil S, Magray SN (2012) Impact and manipulation of gut microflora in poultry: a review. J Anim Vet Adv 11(6):873–877
Alizadeh M, Munyaka P, Yitbarek A, Echeverry H, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC (2017) Maternal antibody decay and antibody-mediated immune responses in chicken pullets fed prebiotics and synbiotics. Poult Sci 96(1):58–64
Al-Sultan SI, Abdel-Raheem SM, El-Ghareeb WR, Mohamed MHA (2016) Comparative effects of using prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic and acidifier on growth performance, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology of broiler chicks. Jpn J Vet Res 64(Suppl 2):S187–S195
Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Caballero V, Castellano V (2010) Assessment of prebiotics and probiotics: an overview. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR (eds) Bioactive foods in promoting health: probiotics and prebiotics. Academic, Oxford, pp 19–41
Andrejčáková Z, Sopková D, Vlčková R, Kulichová L, Gancarčíková S, Almášiová V, Holovská K, Petrilla V, Krešáková L (2016) Synbiotics suppress the release of lactate dehydrogenase, promote non-specific immunity and integrity of jejunum mucosa in piglets. Anim Sci J 87(9):1157–1166
Anwar H, Rahman ZU, Javed I, Muhammad F (2012) Effect of protein, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on serum biological health markers of molted layers. Poult Sci 91(10):2606–2613
Ashayerizadeh A, Dabiri N, Mirzadeh Kh, Ghorbani MR (2011) Effects of dietary inclusion of several biological feed additives on growth response of broiler chickens. J Cell Anim Biol 5(4):61–65
Awad W, Ghareeb K, Bӧhm J (2008) Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 9(11):2205–2216
Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Abdel-Raheem S, Bӧhm J (2009) Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 88(1):49–56
Aziz Mousavi SMA, Seidavi A, Dadashbeiki M, Kilonzo-Nthenge A, Nahashon SN, Laudadio V, Tufarelli V (2015) Effect of a synbiotic (Biomin®IMBO) on growth performance traits of broiler chickens. Eur Poult Sci 79. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2015.78
Baffoni L, Gaggia F, Di Gioia D, Santini C, Mogna L, Biavati B (2012) A Bifidobacterium-based synbiotic product to reduce the transmission of C. jejuni along the poultry food chain. Int J Food Microbiol 157(2):156–161
Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Garofolo G, Di Serafino G, Buglione E, Di Giannatale E, Di Gioia D (2017) Evidence of Campylobacter jejuni reduction in broilers with early synbiotic administration. Int J Food Microbiol 251:41–47
Baines D, Sumarah M, Kuldau G, Juba J, Mazza A, Masson L (2013) Aflatoxin, fumonisin and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in calves and the effectiveness of Celmanax®/Dairyman’s choice™ applications to eliminate morbidity and mortality losses. Toxins (Basel) 5(10):1872–1895
Blaabjerg S, Artzi DM, Aabenhus R (2017) Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in outpatients-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 6(4):pii: E21
Bomba A, Nemcová R, Gancarcíková S, Herich R, Guba P, Mudronová D (2002) Improvement of the probiotic effect of micro-organisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 88(Suppl 1):S95–S99
Calik A, Ceylan A, Ekim B, Adabi SG, Dilber F, Bayraktaroglu AG, Tekinay T, Özen D, Sacakli P (2017) The effect of intra-amniotic and posthatch dietary synbiotic administration on the performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbial population, and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 96(1):169–183
Cesari V, Mangiagalli MG, Giardini A, Galimberti P, Carteri S, Gallazzi D, Toschi I (2014) Egg quality and productive performance of laying hens fed different levels of skimmed milk powder added to a diet containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Poult Sci 93(5):1197–1201
Chae JP, Pajarillo EA, Oh JK, Kim H, Kang DK (2016) Revealing the combined effects of lactulose and probiotic enterococci on the swine faecal microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing. Microb Biotechnol 9(4):486–495
Chen Y, Wen C, Zhou Y (2018) Dietary synbiotic incorporation as an alternative to antibiotic improves growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity and antioxidant capacity of broilers. J Sci Food Agric 98(9):3343–3350
Cheng Y, Chen Y, Li X, Yang W, Wen C, Kang Y, Wang A, Zhou Y (2017) Effects of synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and muscular antioxidant capacity and mineral contents in broilers. J Sci Food Agric 97(11):3699–3705
Chu GM, Lee SJ, Jeong HS, Lee SS (2011) Efficacy of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance and noxious gas emission in growing pigs. Anim Sci J 82(2):282–290
Dibaji SM, Seidavi A, Asadpour L, da Silva FM (2014) Effect of a synbiotic on the intestinal microflora of chickens. J Appl Poult Res 23(1):1–6
Dunislawska A, Slawinska A, Stadnicka K, Bednarczyk M, Gulewicz P, Jozefiak D, Siwek M (2017) Synbiotics for broiler chickens-in vitro design and evaluation of the influence on host and selected microbiota populations following in ovo delivery. PLoS One 12(1):e0168587. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168587
EFSA (2013a) The European union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2011. EFSA J 3129:1–250
EFSA (2013b) Scientific opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update). EFSA J 3449:1–108
EFSA (2017) Scientific opinion on the update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA (2017 update). EFSA J 15(3):1–177. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4664
El-Ghany WAA (2010) Comparative evaluation on the effect of coccidiostate and synbiotic preparations on prevention of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Global Vet 5(6):324–333
El-Sissi AF, Mohamed SH (2011) Impact of symbiotic on the immune response of broiler chickens against NDV and IBV vaccines. Global J Biotechnol Biochem 6(4):186–191
Erdoğan Z, Erdoğan S, Aslantaş Ö, Çelik S (2010) Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 94(5):e40–e48
Fan G, Chang J, Yin Q, Wang X, Dang X (2015) Effects of probiotics, oligosaccharides, and berberine combinations on growth performance of pigs. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 39(6):637–642
Fernandes BCS, Martins MRFB, Mendes AA, Milbradt EL, Sanfelice C, Martins BB, Aguiar EF, Bresne C (2014) Intestinal integrity and performance of broiler chickens fed a probiotic, a prebiotic, or an organic acid. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 16(4):417–424
Fleige S, Preißinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW (2007) Effect of lactulose on growth performance and intestinal morphology of pre-ruminant calves using a milk replacer containing Enterococcus faecium. Animal 1(3):367–373
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2002) Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food; FAO, London, Ontario, Canada, 30 April–1 May 2002
Gadde U, Kim WH, Oh ST, Lillehoj HS (2017) Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim Health Res Rev 18(1):26–45
Gaggia F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B (2010) Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. Int J Food Microbiol 141(Suppl 1):S15–S28
Gagné JW, Wakshlag JJ, Simpson KW, Dowd SE, Latchman S, Brown DA, Brown K, Swanson KS, Fahey GC Jr (2013) Effects of a synbiotic on fecal quality, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the microbiome of healthy sled dogs. BMC Vet Res 9:246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-246
Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Lanerie DJ, Dowd SE, Paddock CG, Grützner N, Steiner JM, Ivanek R, Suchodolski JS (2011) Effect of a multi-species synbiotic formulation on fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy cats and dogs as evaluated by pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78(3):542–554
Ghasemi HA, Shivazad M, Esmaeilnia K, Kohram H, Karimi MA (2010) The effects of a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium and inulin on growth performance and resistance to coccidiosis in broiler chickens. J Poult Sci 47(2):149–155
Ghasemi HA, Shivazad M, Mirzapour Rezaei SS, Karimi Torshizi MA (2016) Effect of synbiotic supplementation and dietary fat sources on broiler performance, serum lipids, muscle fatty acid profile and meat quality. Br Poult Sci 57(1):71–83
Gourbeyre P, Denery S, Bodinier M (2011) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: impact on the gut immune system and allergic reactions. J Leukoc Biol 89(5):685–695
Guerra-Ordaz AA, González-Ortiz G, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Collins JW, Pérez JF, Martín-Orúe SM (2014) Lactulose and Lactobacillus plantarum, a potential complementary synbiotic to control postweaning colibacillosis in piglets. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(16):4879–4886
Hamasalim HJ (2016) Synbiotic as feed additives relating to animal health and performance. Adv Microbiol 6:288–302. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2016.64028
Hart ML, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Webb CB (2012) Open-label trial of a multi-strain synbiotic in cats with chronic diarrhea. J Feline Med Surg 14(4):240–245
Hashem MA, Mohamed MH (2009) Haemato-biochemical and pathological studies on aflatoxicosis and treatment of broiler chicks in Egypt. Vet Ital 45(2):323–337
Hassanpour H, Zamani Moghaddam AK, Khosravi M, Mayahi M (2013) Effects of synbiotic on the intestinal morphology and humoral immune response in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 153(1–3):116–122
Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Elizondo-Salazar JA, Terrill SJ (2009) Effects of a prebiotic supplement on health of neonatal dairy calves. Livest Sci 125(2–3):149–154
Hofacre CL, Beacorn T, Collett S, Mathis G (2003) Using competitive exclusion, mannan-oligosaccharide and other intestinal products to control necrotic enteritis. J Appl Poult Res 12(1):60–64
Jung SJ, Houde R, Baurhoo B, Zhao X, Lee BH (2008) Effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and a Bifidobacteria lactis-based probiotic strain on the growth performance and fecal microflora of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 87(9):1694–1699
Kearney SM, Gibbons SM (2018) Designing synbiotics for improved human health. Microb Biotechnol 11(1):141–144
Koc F, Samli H, Okur A, Ozduven M, Akyurek H, Senkoylu N (2010) Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or mannanoligosaccharide on performance, blood parameters and intestinal microbiota of broiler chicks. Bulg J Agric Sci 16(5):643–650
Kolodziejski PA, Sassek M, Chalupka D, Leciejewska N, Nogowski L, Mackowiak P, Jozefiak D, Stadnicka K, Siwek M, Bednarczyk M, Szwaczkowski T, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E (2018) GLP1 and GIP are involved in the action of synbiotics in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 9:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0227-8
Krause DO, Bhandari SK, House JD, Nyachoti CM (2010) Response of nursery pigs to a synbiotic preparation of starch and an anti-Escherichia coli K88 probiotic. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(24):8192–8200
Krueger LA, Spangler DA, Vandermyde DR, Sims MD, Ayangbile GA (2017) Avi-Lution® supplemented at 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg in feed improves the growth performance of broiler chickens during challenge with bacitracin-resistant Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 96(8):2595–2600
Kwiatkowska K, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kwiecień M (2017) Feed additives regulating calcium homeostasis in the bones of poultry—a review. Ann Anim Sci 17(2):303–316
Lee DY, Seo YS, Rayamajhi N, Kang ML, Lee SI, Yoo HS (2009) Isolation, characterization, and evaluation of wild isolates of Lactobacillus reuteri from pig feces. J Microbiol 47(6):663–672
Li X, Qiang L, Liu XC (2008) Effects of supplementation of fructooligosaccharide and/or Bacillus subtilis to diets on performance and on intestinal microflora in broilers. Arch Anim Breed 51(1):64–70
Liao SF, Nyachoti M (2017) Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization. Anim Nutr 3(4):331–343
Liong M-T, Dunshea FR, Shah NP (2007) Effects of a synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 on plasma lipid profiles and morphology of erythrocytes in hypercholesterolaemic pigs on high- and low-fat diets. Br J Nutr 98(4):736–744
Luoma A, Markazi A, Shanmugasundaram R, Murugesan GR, Mohnl M, Selvaraj R (2017) Effect of synbiotic supplementation on layer production and cecal Salmonella load during a Salmonella challenge. Poult Sci 96(12):4208–4216
Madej JP, Bednarczyk M (2016) Effect of in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics on the morphology and specific immune cell composition in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Poult Sci 95(1):19–29
Madej JP, Stefaniak T, Bednarczyk M (2015) Effect of in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics on lymphoid-organs’ morphology in chickens. Poult Sci 94(6):1209–1219
Maiorano G, Sobolewska A, Cianciullo D, Walasik K, Elminowska-Wenda G, Slawinska A, Tavaniello S, Zylinska J, Bardowski J, Bednarczyk M (2012) Influence of in ovo prebiotic and synbiotic administration on meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 91(11):2963–2969
Malik JK, Ahmad AH, Kalpana S, Prakash A, Gupta RC (2016) Synbiotics: safety and toxicity considerations. In: Gupta RC (ed) Nutraceuticals: efficacy, safety and toxicity. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 811–822
Marcondes MI, Pereira TR, Chagas JC, Filgueiras EA, Castro MM, Costa GP, Sguizzato AL, Sainz RD (2016) Performance and health of Holstein calves fed different levels of milk fortified with symbiotic complex containing pre- and probiotics. Trop Anim Health Prod 48(8):1555–1560
Markowiak P, Śliżewska K (2018) The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathog 10:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
McReynolds J, Waneck C, Byrd J, Genovese K, Duke S, Nisbet D (2009) Efficacy of multistrain direct-fed microbial and phytogenetic products in reducing necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers. Poult Sci 88(10):2075–2080
Midilli M, Alp M, Kocabach N, Muglah OH, Turan N, Yilmaz H, Cakir S (2008) Effects of dietary probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on growth performance and serum IgG concentration of broilers. South Afr J Anim Sci 38(1):21–27
Min YN, Yang HL, Xu YX, Gao YP (2016) Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, sIgA content and antioxidant capacities of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 100(6):1073–1080
Miśta D, Króliczewska B, Pecka-Kiełb E, Kapuśniak V, Zawadzki W, Graczyk S, Kowalczyk A, Łukaszewicz E, Bednarczyk M (2017) Effect of in ovo injected prebiotics and synbiotics on the caecal fermentation and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Anim Prod Sci 57(9):1884–1892
Mohnl M, Acosta Aragón Y, Acosta Ojeda A, Rodríguez Sánchez B, Pasteiner S (2007) Effect of synbiotic feed additive in comparison to antibiotic growth promoter on performance and health status of broilers. Poult Sci 86(Suppl 1):217
Mookiah S, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Abdullah N, Ho YW (2014) Effects of dietary prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics on performance, caecal bacterial populations and caecal fermentation concentrations of broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agric 94(2):341–348
Morrison SJ, Dawson S, Carson AF (2010) The effects of mannan oligosaccharide and Streptococcus faecium addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance. Livest Sci 131(2–3):292–296
Murarolli VDA, Burbarelli MFC, Polycarpo GV, Ribeiro PAP, Moro MEG, Albuquerque R (2014) Prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic as alternative to antibiotics on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 16(3):279–284
Naghi Shokri A, Ghasemi HA, Taherpour K (2017) Evaluation of Aloe vera and synbiotic as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on performance, gut morphology, immune responses and blood constitutes of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J 88(2):306–313
Nemcová R, Bomba A, Gancarčíková S, Herich R, Guba P (1999) Study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei and fructooligosaccharides on the faecal microflora in weanling piglets. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 112(6–7):225–228
Nemcová R, Bomba A, Gancarcíková S, Reiffová K, Guba P, Koscová J, Jonecová Z, Sciranková L, Bugarský A (2007) Effects of the administration of lactobacilli, maltodextrins and fructooligosaccharides upon the adhesion of E. coli O8:K88 to the intestinal mucosa and organic acid levels in the gut contents of piglets. Vet Res Commun 31(7):791–800
Ogué-Bon E, Khoo C, McCartney AL, Gibson GR, Rastall RA (2010) In vitro effects of synbiotic fermentation on the canine faecal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 73(3):587–600
Ogué-Bon E, Khoo C, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Gibson GR, Rastall RA (2011) In vitro fermentation of rice bran combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus 14 150B or Bifidobacterium longum 05 by the canine faecal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 75(3):365–376
Olveira G, González-Molero I (2016) An update on probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in clinical nutrition. Endocrinol Nutr 63(9):482–494
Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015) Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics—a review. J Food Sci Technol 52(12):7577–7587
Parvaneh K, Jamaluddin R, Karimi G, Erfani R (2014) Effect of probiotics supplementation on bone mineral content and bone mass density. Sci World J 2014:595962. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/595962
Pinna C, Biagi G (2014) The utilisation of prebiotics and synbiotics in dogs. Ital J Anim Sci 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3107
Piva A, Casadei G, Gatta PP, Luchansky JB, Biagi G (2005) Effect of lactitol, lactic acid bacteria, or their combinations (synbiotic) on intestinal proteolysis in vitro, and on feed efficiency in weaned pigs. Can J Anim Sci 85(3):345–353
Płowiec A, Sławińska A, Siwek MZ, Bednarczyk MF (2015) Effect of in ovo administration of inulin and Lactococcus lactis on immune-related gene expression in broiler chickens. Am J Vet Res 76(11):975–982
Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Kolodziejski PA, Stadnicka K, Sassek M, Chalupka D, Kuston B, Nogowski L, Mackowiak P, Maiorano G, Jankowski J, Bednarczyk M (2015) In ovo injection of prebiotics and synbiotics affects the digestive potency of the pancreas in growing chickens. Poult Sci 94(8):1909–1916
Radzikowski D (2017) Effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the productivity and health of dairy cows and calves. World Sci News 78:193–198
Roodposhti PM, Dabiri N (2012) Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal shedding of Escherichia coli, and immune system status in newborn female calves. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 25(9):1255–1261
Rose L, Rose J, Gosling S, Holmes M (2017) Efficacy of a probiotic-prebiotic supplement on incidence of diarrhea in a dog shelter: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Vet Intern Med 31(2):377–382
Salavati Schmitz S, Allenspach K (2017) Effects of different oligosaccharides on growth of selected probiotic bacterial strains. J Microb Biochem Technol 9:054–058. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000343
Salehimanesh A, Mohammadi M, Roostaei-Ali Mehr M (2016) Effect of dietary probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 100(4):694–700
Sassone-Corsi M, Nuccio SP, Liu H, Hernandez D, Vu CT, Takahashi AA, Edwards RA, Raffatellu M (2016) Microcins mediate competition among Enterobacteriaceae in the inflamed gut. Nature 540(7632):280–283
Sattler VA, Bayer K, Schatzmayr G, Haslberger AG, Klose V (2015) Impact of a probiotic, inulin, or their combination on the piglets’ microbiota at different intestinal locations. Benef Microbes 6(4):473–483
Scavuzzi BM, Henrique FC, Miglioranza LHS, Simão ANC, Dichi I (2014) Impact of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on components of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Nutr Disord Ther 1(2):1009
Scholz-Ahrens KE, Ade P, Marten B, Weber P, Timm W, Açil Y, Glüer CC, Schrezenmeir J (2007) Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content, and bone structure. J Nutr 137(3 Suppl 2):838S–846S
Sekhon BS, Jairath S (2010) Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics: an overview. J Pharm Educ Res 1(2):13–36
Shim SB, Verstegen MWA, Kim IH, Kwon OS, Verdonk JMAJ (2005) Effects of feeding antibiotic-free creep feed supplemented with oligofructose, probiotics or synbiotics to suckling piglets increases the preweaning weight gain and composition of intestinal microbiota. Arch Anim Nutr 59(6):419–427
Sławińska A, Siwek M, Zylińska J, Bardowski J, Brzezińska J, Gulewicz KA, Nowak M, Urbanowski M, Płowiec A, Bednarczyk M (2014a) Influence of synbiotics delivered in ovo on immune organs development and structure. Folia Biol 62(3):277–285
Sławińska A, Siwek MZ, Bednarczyk MF (2014b) Effects of synbiotics injected in ovo on regulation of immune-related gene expression in adult chickens. Am J Vet Res 75(11):997–1003
Sobolewska A, Bogucka J, Dankowiakowska A, Elminowska-Wenda G, Stadnicka K, Bednarczyk M (2017) The impact of synbiotic administration through in ovo technology on the microstructure of a broiler chicken small intestine tissue on the 1st and 42nd day of rearing. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0193-1
Sohail MU, Hume ME, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ, Ijaz A, Sohail A, Shabbir MZ, Rehman H (2012) Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 91(9):2235–2240
Sohail MU, Ijaz A, Younus M, Shabbir MZ, Kamran Z, Ahmad S, Anwar H, Yousaf MS, Ashraf K, Shahzad AH, Rehman H (2013) Effect of supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide and probiotic on growth performance, relative weights of viscera, and population of selected intestinal bacteria in cyclic heat-stressed broilers. J Appl Poult Res 22(3):485–491
Sopková D, Hertelyová Z, Andrejčáková Z, Vlčková R, Gancarčíková S, Petrilla V, Ondrašovičová S, Krešáková L (2017) The application of probiotics and flaxseed promotes metabolism of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs. J Appl Anim Res 45(1):93–98
Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson KA, Newman KE (2000) The effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poult Sci 79(2):205–211
Stokes JE, Price JM, Whittemore JC (2017) Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of prevention of clindamycin-induced gastrointestinal signs using a synbiotic in healthy research cats. J Vet Intern Med 31(5):1406–1413
Sun Y, Kim SW (2017) Intestinal challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs, and nutritional intervention to prevent postweaning diarrhea. Anim Nutr 3(4):322–330
Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Chow J, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Fahey GC Jr (2002) Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify gut microbial populations, total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal protein catabolite concentrations in healthy adult dogs. J Nutr 132(12):3721–3731
Talebi A, Amani A, Pourmahmod M, Saghaei P, Rezaie R (2015) Synbiotic enhances immune responses against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease and avian influenza in broiler chickens. Vet Res Forum 6(3):191–197
Tang SGH, Sieo CC, Kalavathy R, Saad WZ, Yong ST, Wong HK, Ho YW (2015) Chemical compositions of egg yolks and egg quality of laying hens fed prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic diets. J Food Sci 80(8):C1686–C1695
Tang SGH, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Saad WZ, Wong HK, Ho YW (2017) Performance, biochemical and haematological responses, and relative organ weights of laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic. BMC Vet Res 13(1):248
Tanner SA, Lacroix C, Del'Homme C, Jans C, Zihler Berner A, Bernalier-Donadille A, Chassard C (2015) Effect of Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 and fructo-oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota in Göttingen minipigs. Br J Nutr 114(5):746–755
Tayeri V, Seidavi A, Asadpour L, Phillips CJC (2018) A comparison of the effects of antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and prebiotics on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Vet Res Commun 42(3):195–207
Uyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T (2015) Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes Environ 30(2):126–132
Vahdatpour T, Ebrahimnezhad Y, Vahdatpour S (2014) Effects of dietary functional additives on characteristics and minerals of tibia bone and blood parameters of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci 4(2):690–695
Vicente J, Wolfenden A, Torres-Rodriguez A, Higgins S, Tellez G, Hargis B (2007) Effect of a Lactobacillus species-based probiotic and dietary lactose prebiotic on Turkey poult performance with or without Salmonella enteritidis challenge. J Appl Poult Res 16(3):361–364
Villaluenga CM, Wardeńska M, Pilarski R, Bednarczyk M, Gulewicz K (2004) Utilization of the chicken embryo model for assessment of biological activity of different oligosaccharides. Folia Biol (Krakow) 52(3–4):135–142
Vitali B, Ndagijimana M, Cruciani F, Carnevali P, Candela M, Guerzoni ME, Brigidi P (2010) Impact of a synbiotic food on the gut microbial ecology and metabolic profiles. BMC Microbiol 10:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-4
Wang Y, Dong Z, Song D, Zhou H, Wang W, Miao H, Wang L, Li A (2018) Effects of microencapsulated probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, antioxidative abilities, immune functions, and caecal microflora in broiler chickens. Food Agric Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2018.1463972
Weaver CM (2015) Diet, gut microbiome, and bone health. Curr Osteoporos Rep 13(2):125–130
Yang Y, Iji PA, Choct M (2009) Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: a review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Worlds Poult Sci J 65(1):97–114
Yasuda K, Hashikawa S, Sakamoto H, Tomita Y, Shibata S, Fukata T (2007) A new synbiotic consisting of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei and dextran improves milk production in Holstein dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 69(2):205–208
Yitbarek A, Echeverry H, Munyaka P, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC (2015) Innate immune response of pullets fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and synbiotics. Poult Sci 94(8):1802–1811
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malik, J.K., Prakash, A., Srivastava, A.K., Gupta, R.C. (2019). Synbiotics in Animal Health and Production. In: Gupta, R., Srivastava, A., Lall, R. (eds) Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04623-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04624-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)