Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutritional Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Prevalence rates of obesity have increased dramatically worldwide over the past 3 decades in adults [1, 2]. The condition is caused by an accumulation of excess body fat and has now become the major nutrition-related disease, due to its association with a host of debilitating and life-threatening disorders. Overweight and obesity are associated with the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancer (Table 8.1) among other conditions. This is already placing a substantial burden on health-care systems [3], and this is projected to escalate. However, obesity is generally preventable by making lifestyle changes, in particular dietary changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA. 2010;303:235–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1723–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Colditz GA, Bird AP, Oster G. Lifetime health and economic consequences of obesity. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2177–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–63.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1855–67.

    Google Scholar 

  6. International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO). Overweight and obesity in the EU27. 2008. http://www.iaso.org. Accessed 9 Sept 2011.

  7. Berghofer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J Nutr. 2001;131:871S–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1:11–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kipping RR, Jago R, Lawlor DA. Obesity in children. Part 1: epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening. BMJ. 2008;337:a1824.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003–2006. JAMA. 2008;299:2401–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet. 2005;366:1197–209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Blundell JE, MacDiarmid JI. Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:S63–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Drewnowski A. Obesity and the food environment: dietary energy density and diet costs. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:154–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977–1998. JAMA. 2003;289:450–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Mickle SJ, Goldman JD, Cook A. Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989–1991 and 1994–1996: are portion sizes changing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:41–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Young LR, Nestle M. Portion sizes and obesity: responses of fast-food companies. J Public Health Policy. 2007;28:238–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:246–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1465–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS, Wall DE. Increasing the portion size of a sandwich increases energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:367–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rolls BJ, Morris EL, Roe LS. Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1207–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Kral TV, Meengs JS, Wall DE. Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women. Appetite. 2004;42:63–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS. Larger portion sizes lead to a sustained increase in energy intake over 2 days. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:543–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS. The effect of large portion sizes on energy intake is sustained for 11 days. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15:1535–43.

    Google Scholar 

  27. McConahy KL, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL, Mitchell DC, Picciano MF. Food portions are positively related to energy intake and body weight in early childhood. J Pediatr. 2002;140:340–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Orlet Fisher J, Rolls BJ, Birch LL. Children’s bite size and intake of an entree are greater with large portions than with age-appropriate or self-selected portions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1164–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Popkin BM. Patterns of beverage use across the lifecycle. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:4–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Block G. Foods contributing to energy intake in the US: data from NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2000. J Food Compos Anal. 2004;17:439–47.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:274–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in children and adolescents: reanalyses of a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89:438–9, author reply 439–40.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:667–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2477–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation. 2010;121:1356–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Almiron-Roig E, Chen Y, Drewnowski A. Liquid calories and the failure of satiety: how good is the evidence? Obes Rev. 2003;4:201–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. French SA, Story M, Jeffery RW. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:309–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jeffery RW, French SA. Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing? Am J Public Health. 1998;88:277–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lin BH, Frazzao E, Guthrie J. Away-from-home foods increasingly important to quality of American Diet. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture; 1999. Economic Research Service no. 749.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Binkley JK, Eales J, Jekanowski M. The relation between dietary change and rising US obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:1032–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365:36–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, et al. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16,587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:719–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Harnack L, Lee S, Schakel SF, Duval S, Luepker RV, Arnett DK. Trends in the trans-fatty acid composition of the diet in a metropolitan area: the Minnesota Heart Survey. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1160–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pot GK, Prynne CJ, Roberts C, et al. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: fat and fatty acid intake from the first year of the rolling programme and comparison with previous surveys. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:405–15.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stender S, Dyerberg J, Astrup A. High levels of industrially produced trans fat in popular fast foods. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1650–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1601–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Woodside JV, McKinley MC, Young IS. Saturated and trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:460–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gebauer SK, Psota TL, Kris-Etherton PM. The diversity of health effects of individual trans fatty acid isomers. Lipids. 2007;42:787–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zizza C, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. Significant increase in young adults’ snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 represents a cause for concern! Prev Med. 2001;32:303–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Piernas C, Popkin BM. Snacking increased among U.S. adults between 1977 and 2006. J Nutr. 2010;140:325–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Popkin BM, Duffey KJ. Does hunger and satiety drive eating anymore? Increasing eating occasions and decreasing time between eating occasions in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1342–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Johnson DB, Gerstein DE, Evans AE, Woodward-Lopez G. Preventing obesity: a life cycle perspective. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:97–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dietitians in Obesity Management UK. The dietetic weight management intervention for adults in the one-to-one setting. Is it time for a radical rethink? UK: DOM Committee UK; 2010. DOM no. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, et al. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:1755–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Abete I, Astrup A, Martinez JA, Thorsdottir I, Zulet MA. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. Nutr Rev. 2010;68:214–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Frost G, Masters K, King C, et al. A new method of energy prescription to improve weight loss. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007;20:152–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, et al. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8(21):1–182.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Department of Health. Dietary reference values for food, energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: The Stationery Office; 1991. DoH no. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Brown T, Avenell A, Edmunds LD, et al. Systematic review of long-term lifestyle interventions to prevent weight gain and morbidity in adults. Obes Rev. 2009;10:627–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cheskin LJ, Mitchell AM, Jhaveri AD, et al. Efficacy of meal replacements versus a standard food-based diet for weight loss in type 2 diabetes: a controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34:118–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Heymsfield SB. Meal replacements and energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:90–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, van der Knaap HC, Heo M, Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:537–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1157–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Seidell JC. Dietary fat and obesity: an epidemiologic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:546S–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lissner L, Heitmann BL. Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49:79–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Du H, et al. Dietary fat intake and subsequent weight change in adults: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1632–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Carty CL, Kooperberg C, Neuhouser ML, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and change in body-composition traits in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:516–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, Wise A, Broom J. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obes Rev. 2009;10:36–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Swinburn BA, Caterson I, Seidell JC, James WP. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:123–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Swinburn BA, Metcalf PA, Ley SJ. Long-term (5-year) effects of a reduced-fat diet intervention in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:619–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1617–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2082–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2074–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Grieb P, Klapcinska B, Smol E, et al. Long-term consumption of a carbohydrate-restricted diet does not induce deleterious metabolic effects. Nutr Res. 2008;28:825–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:285–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Feinman RD, Volek JS. Low carbohydrate diets improve atherogenic dyslipidemia even in the absence of weight loss. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006;3:24.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003;289:1837–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:229–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Miller M, Beach V, Sorkin JD, et al. Comparative effects of three popular diets on lipids, endothelial function, and C-reactive protein during weight maintenance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:713–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Astrup A. Dietary management of obesity. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:575–7.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? Lancet. 2004;364:897–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Astrup A. The satiating power of protein—a key to obesity prevention? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Westerterp KR, Wilson SA, Rolland V. Diet induced thermogenesis measured over 24 h in a respiration chamber: effect of diet composition. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:287–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1558S–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Brehm BJ, D’Alessio DA. Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15:416–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Layman DK. Protein quantity and quality at levels above the RDA improves adult weight loss. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:631S–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, et al. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:514–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS, et al. One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:215–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1232–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Riediger ND, Othman RA, Suh M, Moghadasian MH. A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:668–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ramel A, Jonsdottir MT, Thorsdottir I. Consumption of cod and weight loss in young overweight and obese adults on an energy reduced diet for 8-weeks. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19:690–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Parra D, Ramel A, Bandarra N, Kiely M, Martinez JA, Thorsdottir I. A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite. 2008;51:676–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:362–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, Roberts SB. High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics. 1999;103:E26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Brand-Miller J, McMillan-Price J, Steinbeck K, Caterson I. Carbohydrates—the good, the bad and the whole grain. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:16–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD005105.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Raben A. Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low-glycaemic index diet? No. Obes Rev. 2002;3:245–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Elfhag K, Rossner S. Who succeeds in maintaining weight loss? A conceptual review of factors associated with weight loss maintenance and weight regain. Obes Rev. 2005;6:67–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ello-Martin JA, Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ. The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:236S–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Tucker LA, Thomas KS. Increasing total fiber intake reduces risk of weight and fat gains in women. J Nutr. 2009;139:576–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Du H, Du H, Van Der ADL. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:329–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Beach AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Provision of foods differing in energy density affects long-term weight loss. Obes Res. 2005;13:1052–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Greene LF, Malpede CZ, Henson CS, Hubbert KA, Heimburger DC, Ard JD. Weight maintenance 2 years after participation in a weight loss program promoting low-energy density foods. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14:1795–801.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Brownell KD, Rodin J. Medical, metabolic, and psychological effects of weight cycling. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1325–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Field AE, Malspeis S, Willett WC. Weight cycling and mortality among middle-aged or older women. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:881–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:222S–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:239–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gordon-Larsen P, Hou N, Sidney S, et al. Fifteen-year longitudinal trends in walking patterns and their impact on weight change. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:19–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Mekary RA, Feskanich D, Malspeis S, Hu FB, Willett WC, Field AE. Physical activity patterns and prevention of weight gain in premenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33:1039–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Shaw K, Gennat H, O’Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003817.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:459–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Dietz WH. Breastfeeding may help prevent childhood overweight. JAMA. 2001;285:2506–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Stark O, Atkins E, Wolff OH, Douglas JW. Longitudinal study of obesity in the National Survey of Health and Development. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;283:13–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:397–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo Jr CA, et al. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA. 2001;285:2461–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lean M, Finer N. ABC of obesity. Management: part II—drugs. BMJ. 2006;333:794–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Williams G. Orlistat over the counter. BMJ. 2007;335:1163–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335:1194–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Pi-Sunyer FX. A review of long-term studies evaluating the efficacy of weight loss in ameliorating disorders associated with obesity. Clin Ther. 1996;18:1006–35, discussion 1005.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Li MF, Cheung BM. Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs. World J Diabetes. 2011;2:19–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Consensus Development Conference Panel. NIH conference: gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:956–61.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:547–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:741–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:753–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:316–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Brownell KD, Farley T, Willett WC, et al. The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1599–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Social Science Research Unit. Evidence review of public attitudes towards, and use of, general food labelling. Food Standards Agency; 2010. FSA no. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Buttriss J, Deakin k, Smith E. Promotion of foods to children- to ban or not to ban? Nutr Bull. 2003;28:43–6.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Hastings G, Stead M, McDermott L, et al. Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children. Food Standards Agency; 2003. FSA no. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Lobstein T, Dibb S. Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight. Obes Rev. 2005;6:203–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Schor JB, Ford M. From tastes great to cool: children’s food marketing and the rise of the symbolic. J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35:10–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Harris JL, Pomeranz JL, Lobstein T, Brownell KD. A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done. Annu Rev Public Health. 2009;30:211–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Romon M, Lommez A, Tafflet M, et al. Downward trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight in the setting of 12-year school- and community-based programmes. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:1735–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Foresight. Tackling obesities: future choices. 2007. http://www.bis.gov.uk/foresight. Accessed 15 Sept 2011.

  137. Haslam D, Sattar N, Lean M. ABC of obesity. Obesity—time to wake up. BMJ. 2006;333:640–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Block B, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK

    Claire R. Whittle PhD, Michelle C. McKinley PhD & Jayne V. Woodside PhD

Authors
  1. Claire R. Whittle PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michelle C. McKinley PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jayne V. Woodside PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claire R. Whittle PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Science, Athabasca University, Athabasca, T9S 3A3, Alberta, Canada

    Norman J. Temple

  2. Department of Biology, Winona State University, Winona, 54603, Minnesota, USA

    Ted Wilson

  3. School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community H, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St., Minneapolis, 55454, USA

    David R. Jacobs, Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whittle, C.R., McKinley, M.C., Woodside, J.V. (2012). Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. In: Temple, N., Wilson, T., Jacobs, Jr., D. (eds) Nutritional Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-894-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-894-8_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-893-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-894-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation