Abstract
Microglia are the brain’s resident immune cells. Under physiological conditions, they participate in a myriad of processes mainly involved in housekeeping functions that promote tissue homeostasis. However, the triggering of an immune response is a common feature in neurodegenerative disorders. This shift in microglia cells toward a chronically activated phenotype contributing to neuronal dysfunction and cell death is of great interest nowadays. In this chapter, we review the implications of microglia activation in different neurodegenerative disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Heneka MT, Kummer MP, Latz E (2014) Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Immunol 14:463–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3705
Gyoneva S, Davalos D, Biswas D et al (2014) Systemic inflammation regulates microglial responses to tissue damage in vivo. Glia 62:1345–1360. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22686
Venegas C, Kumar S, Franklin BS et al (2017) Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 552:355–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25158
Cunningham C (2013) Microglia and neurodegeneration: the role of systemic inflammation. Glia 61:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22350
Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J (2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2038
Baron R, AA B, Nemirovsky A et al (2014) Accelerated microglial pathology is associated with Aβ plaques in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Cell:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12210
Grabert K, Michoel T, Karavolos MH et al (2016) Microglial brain region—dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging. Nat Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4222
Tejera D, Heneka MT (2016) Microglia in Alzheimer’s disease: the good, the bad and the ugly. Curr Alzheimer Res:370–380
Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Dri P, Gordon S (1990) Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 39:151–170
Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M et al (2010) Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 330:841–845. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194637
Goldmann T, Wieghofer P, Jordão MJC et al (2016) Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces. Nat Immunol 17(7):797–805. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3423
Thion MS, Low D, Silvin A et al (2017) Microbiome influences prenatal and adult microglia in a sex-specific manner. Cell:500–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042
Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G et al (2005) ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci 8:752–758. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1472
Gyoneva S, Swanger SA, Zhang J et al (2016) Altered motility of plaque-associated microglia in a model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.061
Tremblay M-È, Lowery RL, Majewska AK (2010) Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience. PLoS Biol 8:e1000527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527
Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG et al (2012) Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 74:691–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026
Paolicelli RC, Bolasco G, Pagani F et al (2011) Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science 333:1456–1458
Parkhurst CN, Yang G, Ninan I et al (2013) Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Cell 155:1596–1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030
Kreutzberg GW (1996) Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 2236:471–474
Hickman SE, Kingery ND, Ohsumi TK et al (2013) The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 16:1896–1905. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3554
Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS et al (2013) Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nat Neurosci 17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3599
Keren-shaul H, Spinrad A, Weiner A et al (2017) A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer’s disease article a unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018
Wendeln A-C, Degenhardt K, Kaurani L et al (2018) Innate immune memory in the brain shapes neurological disease hallmarks. Nature 556:332–338. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0023-4
Joseph J, Cole G, Head E, Ingram D (2009) Nutrition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 29:12795–12801
Park J, Wetzel I, Marriott I et al (2018) A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0175-4
Liu S, Liu Y, Hao W et al (2012) TLR2 is a primary receptor for Alzheimer’s amyloid β peptide to trigger neuroinflammatory activation. J Immunol 188:1098–1107. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1101121
Birch AM, Katsouri L, Sastre M (2014) Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 11:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-11-25
Vanaja SK, Rathinam VAK, Fitzgerald KA (2015) Mechanisms of inflammasome activation: recent advances and novel insights. Trends Cell Biol 25:308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.009
Franchi L, Eigenbrod T, Muñoz-Planillo R, Nuñez G (2009) The inflammasome: a caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Nat Immunol 10:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1703
Fink SL, Cookson BT (2006) Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages. Cell Microbiol 8:1812–1825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00751.x
Walsh JG, Muruve DA, Power C (2014) Inflammasomes in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 15(2):84–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3638
Lu A, Magupalli VG, Ruan J et al (2014) Unified polymerization mechanism for the assembly of ASC-dependent inflammasomes. Cell 156:1193–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.008
Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Ayukawa K et al (1999) ASC, a novel 22-kDa protein, aggregates during apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 274:33835–33838
Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC et al (2008) The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-beta. Nat Immunol 9:857–865. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1636
Cassel SL, Joly S, Sutterwala FS (2009) The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals. Semin Immunol 21:194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.002
Latz E, Xiao TS, Stutz A (2013) Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes. Nat Rev Immunol 13:397–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3452
Streit WJ (2004) Microglia and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 77:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20093
Mackenzie IR (2000) Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer-type pathology in aging. Neurology 54:732–734
Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J et al (2013) TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 368:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211851
Bradshaw EM, Chibnik LB, Keenan BT et al (2013) CD33 Alzheimer’s disease locus: altered monocyte function and amyloid biology. Nat Neurosci 16:848–850. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3435
Wang Y, Cella M, Mallinson K et al (2015) TREM2 lipid sensing sustains the microglial response in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.049
Weggen S, Eriksen JL, Das P et al (2001) A subset of NSAIDs lower amyloidogenic Abeta42 independently of cyclooxygenase activity. Nature 414:212–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/35102591
Heneka MT, Kummer MP, Stutz A et al (2013) NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer’s disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Nature 493:674–678. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11729
Asai H, Ikezu S, Tsunoda S et al (2015) Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nat Neurosci 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4132
Askew K, Li K, Olmos-Alonso A et al (2017) Coupled proliferation and apoptosis maintain the rapid turnover of microglia in the adult brain. Cell Rep 18:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.041
Condello C, Yuan P, Schain A, Grutzendler J (2015) Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar abeta42 hotspots around plaques around plaques. Nat Commun:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7176
Bisht K, Sharma KP, Lecours C et al (2016) Dark microglia: a new phenotype predominantly associated with pathological states. Glia. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22966
Tysnes O-B, Storstein A (2017) Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 124:901–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1686-y
Deng H, Wang P, Jankovic J (2018) The genetics of Parkinson disease. Ageing Res Rev 42:72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.007
Lecours C, Bordeleau M, Cantin L et al (2018) Microglial implication in Parkinson’s disease: loss of beneficial physiological roles or gain of inflammatory functions? Front Cell Neurosci 12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00282
Qin L, Wu X, Block ML et al (2007) Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 462:453–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia
Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T et al (2015) Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell 167:1469–1480.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2016.11.018
Hickman S, Izzy S, Sen P et al (2018) Microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 21:1359–1369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0242-x
MacKenzie IRA, Neumann M, Bigio EH et al (2010) Nomenclature and nosology for neuropathologic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update. Acta Neuropathol 119:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-009-0612-2
van Langenhove T, van der Zee J, van Broeckhoven C (2012) The molecular basis of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spectrum. Ann Med 44:817–828. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2012.665471
Paolicelli RC, Jawaid A, Henstridge CM et al (2017) TDP-43 depletion in microglia promotes amyloid clearance but also induces synapse loss. Neuron:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.037
Chang MC, Srinivasan K, Friedman BA et al (2017) Progranulin deficiency causes impairment of autophagy and TDP-43 accumulation. J Exp Med 214(9):2611–2628. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160999
Arrant AE, Onyilo VC, Unger DE, Roberson ED (2018) Progranulin gene therapy improves lysosomal dysfunction and microglial pathology associated with frontotemporal dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 38:3081–3017. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3081-17.2018
Petrov D, Mansfield C, Moussy A, Hermine O (2017) ALS clinical trials review: 20 years of failure. are we any closer to registering a new treatment? Front Aging Neurosci 9:68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00068
Lu C-H, Macdonald-Wallis C, Gray E et al (2015) Neurofilament light chain: a prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 84:2247–2257. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001642
Talbot K (2002) Motor neurone disease. Postgrad Med J 78:513–519
Frakes AE, Ferraiuolo L, Haidet-Phillips AM et al (2014) Microglia induce motor neuron death via the classical NF-κB pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron 81:1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.013
Brettschneider J, Toledo JB, Van Deerlin VM et al (2012) Microglial activation correlates with disease progression and upper motor neuron clinical symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 7:e39216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039216
Zhao W, Beers DR, Henkel JS et al (2010) Extracellular mutant SOD1 induces microglial-mediated motoneuron injury. Glia 58:231–243. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20919
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Tejera, D., Heneka, M.T. (2019). Microglia in Neurodegenerative Disorders. In: Garaschuk, O., Verkhratsky, A. (eds) Microglia. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2034. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9657-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9658-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols