Abstract
Homology-directed genome editing is the intentional alteration of an endogenous genetic locus using information from an exogenous homology donor. A conversion tract is defined as the amount of genetic information that is converted from the homology donor to a given strand of the targeted chromosomal locus. Because of this, conversion tract analysis retrospectively not only elucidates the mechanism of homology-directed genome editing but also provides valuable insights on the conversion efficiency of every nucleotide in the homology donor. Here we describe a blue fluorescent protein-to-green fluorescent protein conversion system that can be conveniently used to measure the efficiency and analyze the lengths of conversion tracts of homology-directed genome editing using oligonucleotide donors in mammalian cells.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hendrickson EA (2008) Gene targeting in human somatic cells. In: Conn PM (ed) Source book of models for biomedical research. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ, pp 509–525
Chang HHY, Pannunzio NR, Adachi N, Lieber MR (2017) Non-homologous DNA end joining and alternative pathways to double-strand break repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18(8):495–506. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2017.48
Jasin M, Rothstein R (2013) Repair of strand breaks by homologous recombination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5(11):a012740. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a012740
Mali P, Esvelt KM, Church GM (2013) Cas9 as a versatile tool for engineering biology. Nat Methods 10(10):957–963. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2649
Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2014) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell 157(6):1262–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010
Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2014) Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science 346(6213):1258096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096
Pennisi E (2013) The CRISPR craze. Science 341(6148):833–836. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.341.6148.833
Baker M (2014) Gene editing at CRISPR speed. Nat Biotechnol 32(4):309–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2863
Ledford H (2015) CRISPR, the disruptor. Nature 522(7554):20–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/522020a
Shapiro RS, Chavez A, Collins JJ (2018) CRISPR-based genomic tools for the manipulation of genetically intractable microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 16:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0002-7
Arora L, Narula A (2017) Gene editing and crop improvement using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Front Plant Sci 8:1932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01932
Lamas-Toranzo I, Guerrero-Sanchez J, Miralles-Bover H, Alegre-Cid G, Pericuesta E, Bermejo-Alvarez P (2017) CRISPR is knocking on barn door. Reprod Domest Anim 52(Suppl 4):39–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13047
Pankowicz FP, Jarrett KE, Lagor WR, Bissig KD (2017) CRISPR/Cas9: at the cutting edge of hepatology. Gut 66(7):1329–1340. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313565
Smith AJ, Carter SP, Kennedy BN (2017) Genome editing: the breakthrough technology for inherited retinal disease? Expert Opin Biol Ther 17(10):1245–1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2017.1347629
Langston LD, Symington LS (2004) Gene targeting in yeast is initiated by two independent strand invasions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(43):15392–15397. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403748101
Kan Y, Ruis B, Lin S, Hendrickson EA (2014) The mechanism of gene targeting in human somatic cells. PLoS Genet 10(4):e1004251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004251
Kan Y, Ruis B, Takasugi T, Hendrickson EA (2017) Mechanisms of precise genome editing using oligonucleotide donors. Genome Res 27(7):1099–1111. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.214775.116
Lee GS, Neiditch MB, Salus SS, Roth DB (2004) RAG proteins shepherd double-strand breaks to a specific pathway, suppressing error-prone repair, but RAG nicking initiates homologous recombination. Cell 117(2):171–184
Ran FA, Hsu PD, Lin CY, Gootenberg JS, Konermann S, Trevino AE, Scott DA, Inoue A, Matoba S, Zhang Y, Zhang F (2013) Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity. Cell 154(6):1380–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.021
Vriend LE, Krawczyk PM (2017) Nick-initiated homologous recombination: protecting the genome, one strand at a time. DNA Repair (Amst) 50:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.12.005
Davis L, Maizels N (2014) Homology-directed repair of DNA nicks via pathways distinct from canonical double-strand break repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(10):E924–E932. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400236111
Davis L, Maizels N (2011) DNA nicks promote efficient and safe targeted gene correction. PLoS One 6(9):e23981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023981
Quadros RM, Miura H, Harms DW, Akatsuka H, Sato T, Aida T, Redder R, Richardson GP, Inagaki Y, Sakai D, Buckley SM, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK, Behlke MA, Zeiner SA, Jacobi AM, Izu Y, Thoreson WB, Urness LD, Mansour SL, Ohtsuka M, Gurumurthy CB (2017) Easi-CRISPR: a robust method for one-step generation of mice carrying conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Genome Biol 18(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1220-4
Heim R, Tsien RY (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr Biol 6(2):178–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Kan, Y., Hendrickson, E.A. (2019). Conversion Tract Analysis of Homology-Directed Genome Editing Using Oligonucleotide Donors. In: Balakrishnan, L., Stewart, J. (eds) DNA Repair. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1999. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9500-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9500-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9499-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9500-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols