Abstract
The utility of reporter genes has gained significant momentum over the last three decades. Reporter genes are used to understand the transcriptional activity of a gene both in vitro and in vivo, and in pathway analysis and drug screening for diseases involving protozoan parasites, and in anti-cancer drug developments. Here, using a human prostate cancer xenograft model (PC3), we describe a method to construct and validate hypoxia reporter genes with different half-lives. Using molecular biology and optical imaging techniques, we have validated the expression of long half-life enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) expression and short half-life luciferase gene expression to report on the spatial and temporal evolution of hypoxia in vivo.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gorman CM, Moffat LF, Howard BH (1982) Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 2:1044–1051
Reddy SV, Takahashi S, Haipek C, Chirgwin JM, Roodman GD (1993) Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase gene expression as a facile reporter gene for screening transfection efficiency in mammalian cell cultures. BioTechniques 15:444–447
Henthorn P, Zervos P, Raducha M, Harris H, Kadesch T (1988) Expression of a human placental alkaline phosphatase gene in transfected cells: use as a reporter for studies of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:6342–6346
de Wet JR, Wood KV, DeLuca M et al (1987) Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 7:725–737
Gould SJ, Subramani S (1988) Firefly luciferase as a tool in molecular and cell biology. Anal Biochem 175:5–13
de Wet JR, Wood KV, Helinski DR et al (1986) Cloning firefly luciferase. Methods Enzymol 133:3–14
de Wet JR, Wood KV, Helinski DR et al (1985) Cloning of firefly luciferase cDNA and the expression of active luciferase in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:7870–7873
Prasher D, McCann RO, Cormier MJ (1985) Cloning and expression of the cDNA coding for aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 126:1259–1268
Shimomura O, Johnson FH, Saiga Y (1962) Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. J Cell Comp Physiol 59:223–239
Li X, Zhao X, Fang Y et al (1998) Generation of destabilized green fluorescent protein as a transcription reporter. J Biol Chem 273:34970–34975
Wang GL, Jiang BH, Rue EA et al (1995) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:5510–5514
Danhier P, Krishnamachary B, Bharti S et al (2015) Combining optical reporter proteins with different half-lives to detect temporal evolution of hypoxia and reoxygenation in tumors. Neoplasia 17:871–881
Shibata T, Giaccia AJ, Brown JM (2000) Development of a hypoxia-responsive vector for tumor-specific gene therapy. Gene Ther 7:493–498
Kaighn ME, Narayan KS, Ohnuki Y et al (1979) Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Investig Urol 17:16–23
Harada H, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Itasaka S et al (2007) The combination of hypoxia-response enhancers and an oxygen-dependent proteolytic motif enables real-time imaging of absolute HIF-1 activity in tumor xenografts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 360:791–796
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 CA73850, R01 CA82337, and P50 CA103175.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Krishnamachary, B., Danhier, P., Kakkad, S., Bharti, S.K., Bhujwalla, Z.M. (2018). Hypoxia-Induced Reporter Genes with Different Half-Lives. In: Dubey, P. (eds) Reporter Gene Imaging. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1790. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7858-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7860-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols