Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sleep and Combat-Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

  • 1661 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the most widely used measures for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the closely related phenomena of dissociation, guilt, and sleep disturbance in adults. We discuss a wide variety of measures, including structured interviews, DSM-correspondent and non-DSM-correspondent self-report measures, brief screening measures, and multiscale inventories. We also discuss the implications of the DSM-5 PTSD criteria for assessment and, where available, provide specific information regarding DSM-5 updates of specific measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adkins JW, Weathers FW, McDevitt-Murphy M, Daniels JB. Psychometric properties of seven self-report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder in college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:1393–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th text revision ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Andrews G, Peters L. The psychometric properties of the composite international diagnostic interview. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998;33:80–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, Miller TW. Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD checklist—civilian version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:586–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arbisi PA, Erbes CR, Polusny MA, Nelson NW. The concurrent and incremental validity of the trauma symptom inventory in wome n reporting histories of sexual maltreatment. Assessment. 2010;17:406–18.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Baumert J, Simon H, Gundel H, Schmitt C, Ladwig K. The impact of event scale – revised: evaluation of the subscales and correlations to psychophysiological startle response patterns in survivors of a life-threatening cardiac event: an analysis of 129 patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator. J Affect Disord. 2004;82:29–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Beck JG, Sloane DM. The Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, Clapp JD, Coffey SF, Miller LM, Palyo SA. The Impact of event scale – revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:187–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. MMPI-2-RF (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form): manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment dis. 1986;174:727–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Blake D, Weathers F, Nagy L, Kaloupek D, Klauminzer G, Charney D, Keane T. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Boston: National Center for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Behavioral Science Division; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM. The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8:75–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:669–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Mason EA. Construct validity of three depersonalization measures in trauma-exposed college students. J Trauma Dissociation. 2012;13:539–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28:489–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bliese PD, Wright KM, Adler AB, Cabrera O, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Validating the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen and the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist with soldiers returning from combat. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(2):272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bourque LB, Shen H. Psychometric characteristics of Spanish and English versions of the civilian Mississippi scale. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18:719–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254. 2015.

  20. Brewin CR. Systematic review of screening instruments for adults at risk of PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(1):53–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Brewin CR, Rose S, Andrews B, Green J, Tata P, McEvedy C, Turner S, Foa EB. Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181(2):158–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Briere J. Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Briere J. Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress (DAPS). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Briere J. Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Briere J. Dissociative symptoms and trauma exposure: specificity, affect dysregulation, and posttraumatic stress. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194:78–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Briere J. Trauma Symptom Inventory – 2 (TSI – 2). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Briere J, Elliott DM, Harris K, Cotman A. Trauma symptom inventory: psychometrics and association with childhood and adult victimization in clinical samples. J Interpers Violence. 1995;10:387–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Browne KC, Trim RS, Myers US, Norman SB. Trauma-related guilt: conceptual development and relationship with posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(2):134–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Calhoun PS, Boggs CD, Crawford EF, Beckham JC. Diagnostic efficiency of the Personality Assessment Inventory LOGIT function for posttraumatic stress disorder in women. J Pers Assess. 2009;91:409–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Calhoun PS, McDonald SD, Guerra VS, Eggleston AM, Beckham JC, Straits-Troster K, VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC OEF/OIF Registry Workgroup. Clinical utility of the primary care-PTSD screen among US veterans who served since September 11, 2001. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(2):330–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cameron RP, Gusman D. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. Prim Care Psychiatr. 2003;9(1):9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Courtois CA, Ford JD. Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: an evidence-based guide. New York: Guilford; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Davidson J. Davidson trauma scale (DTS). North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Davidson J. SPAN Addendum to DTS manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Davidson JRT, Smith R, Kudler H. Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder: experience with a structured interview. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177:336–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Davidson JRT, Book SW, Colket JT, Tupler LA, Roth S, David D, Feldman ME. Assessment of a new self-rating scale for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med. 1997;27:153–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Davidson JRT, Malik MA, Travers J. Structured interview for PTSD (SIP): psychometric validation for DSM-IV criteria. Depress Anxiety. 1997;5:127–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. de Bont PA, van den Berg DP, van der Vleugel BM, de Roos C, de Jongh A, van der Gaag M, van Minnen A. Predictive validity of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire in detecting post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with psychotic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(5):408–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Edens JF, Otto RK, Dwyer TJ. Susceptibility of the trauma symptom inventory to malingering. J Pers Assess. 1998;71:379–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Efendov AA, Sellbom ML, Bagby RM. The utility and comparative incremental validity of the MMPI-2 and trauma symptom inventory validity scales in the detection of feigned posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Assess. 2008;20:317–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Elhai JD, Palmieri PA. The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: a literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:849–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Elhai JD, Gray MJ, Kashdan TB, Franklin CL. Which instruments are most commonly used to assess traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic effects?: a survey of traumatic stress professionals. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18:541–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Elhai JD, Franklin LC, Gray MJ. The SCID PTSD module's trauma screen: validity with two samples in detecting trauma history. Depression Anxiety. 2008;25:737–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Malloy PF. Some preliminary data on the psychological characteristics of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:912–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Falsetti SA, Resnick HS, Resick PA, Kilpatrick DG. The modified PTSD symptom scale: a brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther. 1993;16:161–2.

    Google Scholar 

  46. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I), clinical version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  47. First MB, Williams JB, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Foa EB. Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Foa EB, Capaldi S. Manual for the administration and scoring of the PTSD symptom scale – interview for DSM-5 (PSS-I-5). Retrieved from https://www.div12.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/PSSI-5-Manual.pdf. 2013.

  50. Foa EB, Tolin DF. Comparison of the PTSD symptom scale-interview version and the clinician-administered PTSD scale. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13:181–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1993;6:459–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:445–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Foa EB, McLean CP, Zang Y, Zhong J, Powers MB, Kauffman BY, Rauch S, Porter K, Knowles K. Psychometric properties of the posttraumatic diagnostic scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5). Psychol Assess. Advance online publication. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000259.

  54. Forbes D, Creamer M, Biddle D. The validity of the PTSD checklist as a measure of symptomatic change in combat-related PTSD. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:977–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ford JD. Posttraumatic stress disorder: scientific and professional dimensions. New York: Academic; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Germain A, Hall M, Krakow B, Shear MK, Buysse DJ. A brief sleep scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19:233–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Glenn DM, Beckham JC, Sampson WS, Feldman ME, Hertzberg MA, Moore SD. MMPI-2 profiles of Gulf and Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58:371–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Graham JR. MMPI-2: assessing personality and psychopathology. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gray MJ, Elhai JD, Briere J. Evaluation of the atypical response scale of the trauma symptom inventory – 2 in detecting simulated posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:447–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Green B. Trauma history questionnaire. In: Stamm BH, Varra EM, editors. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville: Sidran Press; 1996. p. 366–8.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Griffin MG, Uhlmansiek MH, Resick PA, Mechanic MB. Comparison of the posttraumatic stress disorder scale versus the clinician-administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale in domestic violence survivors. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17:497–503.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, De Girolamo G, Guyer ME, Jin R, Lepine JP, Mazzi F, Reneses B, Vilagut G, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2006;15:167–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hendin H, Haas AP. Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD. Am J Psychiatr. 1991;148(5):586–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Herman DS, Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of the embedded and stand-alone versions of the MMPI-2 Keane PTSD Scale. Assessment. 1996;3:437–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas J, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:453–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Horowitz MJ. Stress response syndromes. New York: Jason Aronson; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Horowitz MJ, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Inkelas M, Loux LA, Bourque LB, Widawski M, Nguyen LH. Dimensionality and reliability of the Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD in a post-earthquake community. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13:149–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Insana SP, Hall M, Buysse DJ, Germain A. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSQI-A) in US male military veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26:192–200.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Keane TM, Malloy PF, Fairbank JA. Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:888–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Keane TM, Wolfe J, Taylor KL. Post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for diagnostic validity and methods of psychological assessment. J Clin Psychol. 1987;43:32–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi scale for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56:85–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kessler RC, Ustun TB. The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13:93–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kimerling R, Ouimette P, Prins A, Nisco P, Lawler C, Cronkite R, Moos RH. BRIEF REPORT: utility of a short screening scale for DSM-IV PTSD in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(1):65–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Kimerling R, Serpi T, Weathers F, Kilbourne AM, Kang H, Collins JF, Cypel Y, Frayne S, Furey S, Huang G, Reinhard MJ. Diagnostic accuracy of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) PTSD module among female Vietnam-era veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27:160–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kobak KA, Skodol AE, Bender DS. Diagnostic measures for adults. In: Rush AJ, First MB, Blacker D, editors. Handbook of psychiatric measures. 2nd ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. p. 35–60.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Koffel E, Polusny MA, Arbisi PA, Erbes CR. A preliminary investigation of the new and revised symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:731–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Abueg FR, Manke FP, Brennan JM, Stahura C. Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychol Assess. 1996;8(4):428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Kubany E, Haynes S, Leisen M, Owen J, Kaplan A, Watson S, Burns K. Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2000;12:210–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Weiss DS. Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Hough RL, Marmar CR, Weiss DS. Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: prospects and pitfalls from recent studies of Vietnam veterans. Psychol Assess. 1991;3:547–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Lauterbach D, Vrana S, King DW, King LA. Psychometric properties of the Civilian Version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress. 1997;10:499–513.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lobbestael J, Leurgans M, Arntz A. Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clin Psychol Psychother. 2011;18:75–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lyons JA, Keane TM. Keane PTSD Scale: MMPI and MMPI-2 update. J Trauma Stress. 1992;5:111–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Lyons JA, Scotti JR. Comparability of two administration formats of the Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychol Assess. 1994;6:209–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ. Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Bremner JD, Marmar CR, editors. Trauma, memory, and dissociation. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1998. p. 229–52.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Marmar CR, Metzler TJ, Otte C. The Peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. p. 144–67.

    Google Scholar 

  88. McDevitt-Murphy ME, Weathers FW, Adkins JW. The use of the Trauma Symptom Inventory in the assessment of PTSD symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18:63–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. McDevitt-Murphy ME, Weathers FW, Adkins JW, Daniels JB. Use of the Personality Assessment Inventory in assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005;27:57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. McDevitt-Murphy ME, Weathers FW, Flood AM, Benson T, Eakin DE. A comparison of the MMPI-2 and PAI for discriminating PTSD from depression and social phobia. Assessment. 2007;14:181–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. McDonald SD, Beckham JC, Morey RA, Calhoun PS. The validity and diagnostic efficiency of the Davidson Trauma Scale in military veterans who have served since September 11th, 2001. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:247–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Meltzer-Brody S, Churchill E, Davidson JR. Derivation of the SPAN, a brief diagnostic screening test for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1999;88(1):63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Miller HR, Goldberg JO, Streiner DL. What’s in a name? The MMPI-2 PTSD scales. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51:626–31. doi:10.1002/1097-4679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Morey LC. The Personality Assessment Inventory professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Morey LC. An interpretive guide to the Personality Assessment Inventory. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Myers US, Wilkins KC, Allard CB, Norman SB. Trauma-related guilt inventory: review of psychometrics and directions for future research. In: Columbus AM, editor. Advances in psychology research, vol. 91. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers; 2012. p. 71–91.

    Google Scholar 

  97. National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. DSM-5 measures. 2016. Retrieved from www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/DSM_5_Validated_Measures.asp.

  98. Norris FH, Hamblen JL. Standardized self-report measures of civilian trauma and PTSD. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. p. 63–102.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Norris FH, Perilla J. Reliability, validity, and cross-language stability of the Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9:285–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Norris FH, Perilla JL, Ibañez GE, Murphy AD. Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress: does culture play a role? J Traumatic Stress. 2001;14:7–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Peters L, Andrews G, Cottier LB, Chatterji S, Janca A, Smeets R. The composite International diagnostic interview posttraumatic stress disorder module: preliminary data. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 1996;6:167–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Prins A, Ouimette P. The Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiat. 2004;9:151.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan JL, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:381–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Runtz MG, Roche DN. Validation of the Trauma Symptom Inventory in a Canadian sample of university women. Child Maltreat. 1999;4:69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Scheibe S, Bagby RM, Miller LS, Dorian BJ. Assessing posttraumatic disorder with the MMPI–2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychol Assess. 2001;13:369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Snyder JJ, Elhai JD, North TC, Heaney CJ. Reliability and validity of the Trauma Symptom Inventory with veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2009;170:256–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Steenkamp M, McLean CP, Arditte, Litz BT. Exposure to trauma in adults. In: Anthony MM, Barlow DH, editors. Assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2010. p. 301–43.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Stockdale GD, Gridley BE, Balogh DW, Holtgroves T. Confirmatory factor analysis of single- and multiple-factor competing models of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a nonclinical sample. Assessment. 2002;9:94–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ. Impact of event scale: psychometric properties. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:205–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C. The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: meta-analytic validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Clin Psychol Rev. 1996;16:365–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Vrevan DL, Gudanowski DM, King LA, King DW. The Civilian Version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale: a psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8:91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Walters JT, Bisson JI, Shepherd JP. Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder: validation of the trauma screening questionnaire in victims of assault. Psycholog Med. 2007;37:143–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Weathers FW, Keane TM. The criterion a problem revisited: controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20:107–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The PTSD Checklist: reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Weathers FW, Ruscio AM, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychol Assess. 1999;11:124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Weathers FW, Keane TM, Davidson JR. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13:132–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Weathers FW, Blake DD, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Marx BP, Keane TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Interview available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov; 2013.

  118. Weathers FW, Blake DD, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Marx BP, Keane TM. The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov; 2013.

  119. Weiss DS. The impact of event scale – revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. p. 168–89.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The impact of event scale – revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford; 1997. p. 399–411.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Wetzel RD, Murphy GE, Simons A, Lustman P, North C, Yutzy S. What does the Keane PTSD scale of the MMPI measure? Repeated measurements in a group of patients with major depression. Psychol Rep. 2003;92:781–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:596–606.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Wise EA. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI clinical scales: a review of the literature. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1996;18:71–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Wittchen H. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:57–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Wolf EJ, Miller MW. The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 restructured form and posttraumatic stress disorder: forensic applications and considerations. Psychol Inj Law. 2014;7:143–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Sadeh, N., Hein, C., Fuhrman, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Miller, M. W.. The dissociative subtype of PTSD scale initial evaluation in a national sample of trauma-exposed veterans. Assessment. 2015. Advance online publication, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1073191115615212.

  127. Wolfe J, Kimerling R, Brown PJ, Chrestman KR, Levin K. Psychometric review of the life stressor checklist – revised. In: Stamm BH, editor. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville: Sidran Press; 1996. p. 198–201.

    Google Scholar 

  128. World Health Organization. Composite international diagnostic interview. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wortmann JH, Jordan AH, Weathers FW, Resick PA, Dondanville KA, Hall-Clark B, Foa EB, Young-McCaughan S, Yarvis JS, Hembree EA Mintz J. Psychometric analysis of the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychol Assess. 2016. Advance online publication, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000260.

  130. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Attainment and maintenance of reliability of Axis I and II disorders over the course of a longitudinal study. Compr Psychiatr. 2001;42:369–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mental Health Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA

    Christy A. Blevins

  2. Departments of Psychiatry & Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Margaret T. Davis

  3. Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Frank W. Weathers

Authors
  1. Christy A. Blevins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Margaret T. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frank W. Weathers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank W. Weathers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Eric Vermetten

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Anne Germain

  3. University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Thomas C. Neylan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Blevins, C.A., Davis, M.T., Weathers, F.W. (2018). Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: Vermetten, E., Germain, A., Neylan, T. (eds) Sleep and Combat-Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7146-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7148-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation