Skip to main content

Comprehensive Analyses of Tissue-Specific Networks with Implications to Psychiatric Diseases

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Biological Networks and Pathway Analysis

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1613))

Abstract

Recent advances in genome sequencing and “omics” technologies are opening new opportunities for improving diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. The precision medicine initiative in particular aims at developing individualized treatment options that take into account individual variability in genes and environment of each person. Systems biology approaches that group genes, transcripts and proteins into functionally meaningful networks will play crucial role in the future of personalized medicine. They will allow comparison of healthy and disease-affected tissues and organs from the same individual, as well as between healthy and disease-afflicted individuals. However, the field faces a multitude of challenges ranging from data integration to statistical and combinatorial issues in data analyses. This chapter describes computational approaches developed by us and the others to tackle challenges in tissue-specific network analyses, with the main focus on psychiatric diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gratten J, Wray NR, Keller MC, Visscher PM (2014) Large-scale genomics unveils the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 17(6):782–790. doi:10.1038/nn.3708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Parikshak NN, Gandal MJ, Geschwind DH (2015) Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Genet 16(8):441–458. doi:10.1038/nrg3934. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v16/n8/abs/nrg3934.html#supplementary-information

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Goh KI, Cusick ME, Valle D, Childs B, Vidal M, Barabasi AL (2007) The human disease network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(21):8685–8690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Vidal M, Cusick ME, Barabasi AL (2011) Interactome networks and human disease. Cell 144(6):986–998. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.016. S0092-8674(11)00130-9 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Kang HJ, Kawasawa YI, Cheng F, Zhu Y, Xu X, Li M, Sousa AM, Pletikos M, Meyer KA, Sedmak G, Guennel T, Shin Y, Johnson MB, Krsnik Z, Mayer S, Fertuzinhos S, Umlauf S, Lisgo SN, Vortmeyer A, Weinberger DR, Mane S, Hyde TM, Huttner A, Reimers M, Kleinman JE, Sestan N (2011) Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain. Nature 478(7370):483–489. doi:10.1038/nature10523. nature10523 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Willsey AJ, Sanders SJ, Li M, Dong S, Tebbenkamp AT, Muhle RA, Reilly SK, Lin L, Fertuzinhos S, Miller JA, Murtha MT, Bichsel C, Niu W, Cotney J, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Gockley J, Gupta AR, Han W, He X, Hoffman EJ, Klei L, Lei J, Liu W, Liu L, Lu C, Xu X, Zhu Y, Mane SM, Lein ES, Wei L, Noonan JP, Roeder K, Devlin B, Sestan N, State MW (2013) Coexpression networks implicate human midfetal deep cortical projection neurons in the pathogenesis of autism. Cell 155(5):997–1007. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.020. S0092-8674(13)01296-8 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Parikshak NN, Luo R, Zhang A, Won H, Lowe JK, Chandran V, Horvath S, Geschwind DH (2013) Integrative functional genomic analyses implicate specific molecular pathways and circuits in autism. Cell 155(5):1008–1021. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.031. S0092-8674(13)01349-4 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Gulsuner S, Walsh T, Watts AC, Lee MK, Thornton AM, Casadei S, Rippey C, Shahin H, Nimgaonkar VL, Go RC, Savage RM, Swerdlow NR, Gur RE, Braff DL, King MC, McClellan JM (2013) Spatial and temporal mapping of de novo mutations in schizophrenia to a fetal prefrontal cortical network. Cell 154(3):518–529. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.049. S0092-8674(13)00831-3 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin GN, Corominas R, Lemmens I, Yang X, Tavernier J, Hill DE, Vidal M, Sebat J, Iakoucheva LM (2015) Spatiotemporal 16p11.2 protein network implicates cortical late mid-fetal brain development and KCTD13-Cul3-RhoA pathway in psychiatric diseases. Neuron 85(4):742–754. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.010. S0896-6273(15)00036-7 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Voineagu I, Wang X, Johnston P, Lowe JK, Tian Y, Horvath S, Mill J, Cantor RM, Blencowe BJ, Geschwind DH (2011) Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology. Nature 474(7351):380–384. doi:10.1038/nature10110. nature10110 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Iossifov I, O'Roak BJ, Sanders SJ, Ronemus M, Krumm N, Levy D, Stessman HA, Witherspoon KT, Vives L, Patterson KE, Smith JD, Paeper B, Nickerson DA, Dea J, Dong S, Gonzalez LE, Mandell JD, Mane SM, Murtha MT, Sullivan CA, Walker MF, Waqar Z, Wei L, Willsey AJ, Yamrom B, Lee YH, Grabowska E, Dalkic E, Wang Z, Marks S, Andrews P, Leotta A, Kendall J, Hakker I, Rosenbaum J, Ma B, Rodgers L, Troge J, Narzisi G, Yoon S, Schatz MC, Ye K, McCombie WR, Shendure J, Eichler EE, State MW, Wigler M (2014) The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder. Nature 515(7526):216–221. doi:10.1038/nature13908. nature13908 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Lehner T, Roeder K, State MW, Autism Sequencing Consortium (2012) The autism sequencing consortium: large-scale, high-throughput sequencing in autism spectrum disorders. Neuron 76(6):1052–1056. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. De Rubeis S, He X, Goldberg AP, Poultney CS, Samocha K, Cicek AE, Kou Y, Liu L, Fromer M, Walker S, Singh T, Klei L, Kosmicki J, Shih-Chen F, Aleksic B, Biscaldi M, Bolton PF, Brownfeld JM, Cai J, Campbell NG, Carracedo A, Chahrour MH, Chiocchetti AG, Coon H, Crawford EL, Curran SR, Dawson G, Duketis E, Fernandez BA, Gallagher L, Geller E, Guter SJ, Hill RS, Ionita-Laza J, Jimenz Gonzalez P, Kilpinen H, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Lee I, Lei I, Lei J, Lehtimaki T, Lin CF, Ma'ayan A, Marshall CR, McInnes AL, Neale B, Owen MJ, Ozaki N, Parellada M, Parr JR, Purcell S, Puura K, Rajagopalan D, Rehnstrom K, Reichenberg A, Sabo A, Sachse M, Sanders SJ, Schafer C, Schulte-Ruther M, Skuse D, Stevens C, Szatmari P, Tammimies K, Valladares O, Voran A, Li-San W, Weiss LA, Willsey AJ, Yu TW, Yuen RK, Cook EH, Freitag CM, Gill M, Hultman CM, Lehner T, Palotie A, Schellenberg GD, Sklar P, State MW, Sutcliffe JS, Walsh CA, Scherer SW, Zwick ME, Barett JC, Cutler DJ, Roeder K, Devlin B, Daly MJ, Buxbaum JD (2014) Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism. Nature 515(7526):209–215. doi:10.1038/nature13772. nature13772 (pii)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Michaelson JJ, Shi Y, Gujral M, Zheng H, Malhotra D, Jin X, Jian M, Liu G, Greer D, Bhandari A, Wu W, Corominas R, Peoples A, Koren A, Gore A, Kang S, Lin GN, Estabillo J, Gadomski T, Singh B, Zhang K, Akshoomoff N, Corsello C, McCarroll S, Iakoucheva LM, Li Y, Wang J, Sebat J (2012) Whole-genome sequencing in autism identifies hot spots for de novo germline mutation. Cell 151(7):1431–1442. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.019. S0092-8674(12)01404-3 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Yuen RK, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Merico D, Walker S, Tammimies K, Hoang N, Chrysler C, Nalpathamkalam T, Pellecchia G, Liu Y, Gazzellone MJ, D'Abate L, Deneault E, Howe JL, Liu RS, Thompson A, Zarrei M, Uddin M, Marshall CR, Ring RH, Zwaigenbaum L, Ray PN, Weksberg R, Carter MT, Fernandez BA, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Scherer SW (2015) Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder. Nat Med 21(2):185–191. doi:10.1038/nm.3792. nm.3792 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM, Perlis RH, Mowry BJ, Thapar A, Goddard ME, Witte JS, Absher D, Agartz I, Akil H, Amin F, Andreassen OA, Anjorin A, Anney R, Anttila V, Arking DE, Asherson P, Azevedo MH, Backlund L, Badner JA, Bailey AJ, Banaschewski T, Barchas JD, Barnes MR, Barrett TB, Bass N, Battaglia A, Bauer M, Bayes M, Bellivier F, Bergen SE, Berrettini W, Betancur C, Bettecken T, Biederman J, Binder EB, Black DW, Blackwood DH, Bloss CS, Boehnke M, Boomsma DI, Breen G, Breuer R, Bruggeman R, Cormican P, Buccola NG, Buitelaar JK, Bunney WE, Buxbaum JD, Byerley WF, Byrne EM, Caesar S, Cahn W, Cantor RM, Casas M, Chakravarti A, Chambert K, Choudhury K, Cichon S, Cloninger CR, Collier DA, Cook EH, Coon H, Cormand B, Corvin A, Coryell WH, Craig DW, Craig IW, Crosbie J, Cuccaro ML, Curtis D, Czamara D, Datta S, Dawson G, Day R, De Geus EJ, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Donohoe GJ, Doyle AE, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Duketis E, Ebstein RP, Edenberg HJ, Elia J, Ennis S, Etain B, Fanous A, Farmer AE, Ferrier IN, Flickinger M, Fombonne E, Foroud T, Frank J, Franke B, Fraser C, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Freitag CM, Friedl M, Frisen L, Gallagher L, Gejman PV, Georgieva L, Gershon ES, Geschwind DH, Giegling I, Gill M, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Green EK, Greenwood TA, Grice DE, Gross M, Grozeva D, Guan W, Gurling H, De Haan L, Haines JL, Hakonarson H, Hallmayer J, Hamilton SP, Hamshere ML, Hansen TF, Hartmann AM, Hautzinger M, Heath AC, Henders AK, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hipolito M, Hoefels S, Holmans PA, Holsboer F, Hoogendijk WJ, Hottenga JJ, Hultman CM, Hus V, Ingason A, Ising M, Jamain S, Jones EG, Jones I, Jones L, Tzeng JY, Kahler AK, Kahn RS, Kandaswamy R, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Kenny E, Kent L, Kim Y, Kirov GK, Klauck SM, Klei L, Knowles JA, Kohli MA, Koller DL, Konte B, Korszun A, Krabbendam L, Krasucki R, Kuntsi J, Kwan P, Landen M, Langstrom N, Lathrop M, Lawrence J, Lawson WB, Leboyer M, Ledbetter DH, Lee PH, Lencz T, Lesch KP, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Li J, Lichtenstein P, Lieberman JA, Lin DY, Linszen DH, Liu C, Lohoff FW, Loo SK, Lord C, Lowe JK, Lucae S, Macintyre DJ, Madden PA, Maestrini E, Magnusson PK, Mahon PB, Maier W, Malhotra AK, Mane SM, Martin CL, Martin NG, Mattheisen M, Matthews K, Mattingsdal M, McCarroll SA, McGhee KA, McGough JJ, McGrath PJ, McGuffin P, McInnis MG, McIntosh A, McKinney R, McLean AW, McMahon FJ, McMahon WM, McQuillin A, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Meier S, Melle I, Meng F, Meyer J, Middeldorp CM, Middleton L, Milanova V, Miranda A, Monaco AP, Montgomery GW, Moran JL, Moreno-De-Luca D, Morken G, Morris DW, Morrow EM, Moskvina V, Muglia P, Muhleisen TW, Muir WJ, Muller-Myhsok B, Murtha M, Myers RM, Myin-Germeys I, Neale MC, Nelson SF, Nievergelt CM, Nikolov I, Nimgaonkar V, Nolen WA, Nothen MM, Nurnberger JI, Nwulia EA, Nyholt DR, O'Dushlaine C, Oades RD, Olincy A, Oliveira G, Olsen L, Ophoff RA, Osby U, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Parr JR, Paterson AD, Pato CN, Pato MT, Penninx BW, Pergadia ML, Pericak-Vance MA, Pickard BS, Pimm J, Piven J, Posthuma D, Potash JB, Poustka F, Propping P, Puri V, Quested DJ, Quinn EM, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rasmussen HB, Raychaudhuri S, Rehnstrom K, Reif A, Ribases M, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Roeder K, Roeyers H, Rossin L, Rothenberger A, Rouleau G, Ruderfer D, Rujescu D, Sanders AR, Sanders SJ, Santangelo SL, Sergeant JA, Schachar R, Schalling M, Schatzberg AF, Scheftner WA, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Schork NJ, Schulze TG, Schumacher J, Schwarz M, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Shi J, Shilling PD, Shyn SI, Silverman JM, Slager SL, Smalley SL, Smit JH, Smith EN, Sonuga-Barke EJ, St Clair D, State M, Steffens M, Steinhausen HC, Strauss JS, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Szelinger S, Thirumalai S, Thompson RC, Todorov AA, Tozzi F, Treutlein J, Uhr M, van den Oord EJ, Van Grootheest G, Van Os J, Vicente AM, Vieland VJ, Vincent JB, Visscher PM, Walsh CA, Wassink TH, Watson SJ, Weissman MM, Werge T, Wienker TF, Wijsman EM, Willemsen G, Williams N, Willsey AJ, Witt SH, Xu W, Young AH, Yu TW, Zammit S, Zandi PP, Zhang P, Zitman FG, Zollner S, Devlin B, Kelsoe JR, Sklar P, Daly MJ, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N, Sullivan PF, Smoller JW, Kendler KS, Wray NR (2013) Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet 45(9):984–994. doi:10.1038/ng.2711. ng.2711 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rolland T, Tasan M, Charloteaux B, Pevzner SJ, Zhong Q, Sahni N, Yi S, Lemmens I, Fontanillo C, Mosca R, Kamburov A, Ghiassian SD, Yang X, Ghamsari L, Balcha D, Begg BE, Braun P, Brehme M, Broly MP, Carvunis AR, Convery-Zupan D, Corominas R, Coulombe-Huntington J, Dann E, Dreze M, Dricot A, Fan C, Franzosa E, Gebreab F, Gutierrez BJ, Hardy MF, Jin M, Kang S, Kiros R, Lin GN, Luck K, MacWilliams A, Menche J, Murray RR, Palagi A, Poulin MM, Rambout X, Rasla J, Reichert P, Romero V, Ruyssinck E, Sahalie JM, Scholz A, Shah AA, Sharma A, Shen Y, Spirohn K, Tam S, Tejeda AO, Trigg SA, Twizere JC, Vega K, Walsh J, Cusick ME, Xia Y, Barabasi AL, Iakoucheva LM, Aloy P, De Las RJ, Tavernier J, Calderwood MA, Hill DE, Hao T, Roth FP, Vidal M (2014) A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 159(5):1212–1226. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.050. S0092-8674(14)01422-6 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Hein MY, Hubner NC, Poser I, Cox J, Nagaraj N, Toyoda Y, Gak IA, Weisswange I, Mansfeld J, Buchholz F, Hyman AA, Mann M (2015) A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 163(3):712–723. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang QC, Petrey D, Deng L, Qiang L, Shi Y, Thu CA, Bisikirska B, Lefebvre C, Accili D, Hunter T, Maniatis T, Califano A, Honig B (2012) Structure-based prediction of protein-protein interactions on a genome-wide scale. Nature 490(7421):556–560. doi:10.1038/nature11503. nature11503 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Chatr-Aryamontri A, Breitkreutz BJ, Oughtred R, Boucher L, Heinicke S, Chen D, Stark C, Breitkreutz A, Kolas N, O'Donnell L, Reguly T, Nixon J, Ramage L, Winter A, Sellam A, Chang C, Hirschman J, Theesfeld C, Rust J, Livstone MS, Dolinski K, Tyers M (2015) The BioGRID interaction database: 2015 update. Nucleic Acids Res 43(Database issue):D470–D478. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Keshava Prasad TS, Goel R, Kandasamy K, Keerthikumar S, Kumar S, Mathivanan S, Telikicherla D, Raju R, Shafreen B, Venugopal A, Balakrishnan L, Marimuthu A, Banerjee S, Somanathan DS, Sebastian A, Rani S, Ray S, Harrys Kishore CJ, Kanth S, Ahmed M, Kashyap MK, Mohmood R, Ramachandra YL, Krishna V, Rahiman BA, Mohan S, Ranganathan P, Ramabadran S, Chaerkady R, Pandey A (2009) Human protein reference database—2009 update. Nucleic Acids Res 37(Database issue):D767–D772. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Orchard S, Ammari M, Aranda B, Breuza L, Briganti L, Broackes-Carter F, Campbell NH, Chavali G, Chen C, Del-Toro N, Duesbury M, Dumousseau M, Galeota E, Hinz U, Iannuccelli M, Jagannathan S, Jimenez R, Khadake J, Lagreid A, Licata L, Lovering RC, Meldal B, Melidoni AN, Milagros M, Peluso D, Perfetto L, Porras P, Raghunath A, Ricard-Blum S, Roechert B, Stutz A, Tognolli M, van Roey K, Cesareni G, Hermjakob H (2014) The MIntAct project—IntAct as a common curation platform for 11 molecular interaction databases. Nucleic Acids Res 42(Database issue):D358–D363. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang W, Landback P, Gschwend AR, Shen B, Long M (2015) New genes drive the evolution of gene interaction networks in the human and mouse genomes. Genome Biol 16:202. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0772-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Raychaudhuri S, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Altshuler D, Sklar P, Purcell S, Daly MJ (2010) Accurately assessing the risk of schizophrenia conferred by rare copy-number variation affecting genes with brain function. PLoS Genet 6(9):e1001097. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001097

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005) Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. Nature 437(7062):1173–1178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksoz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (2005) A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 122(6):957–968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. ORFeome Collaboration (2016) The ORFeome Collaboration: a genome-scale human ORF-clone resource. Nat Methods 13(3):191–192. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Venkatesan K, Rual JF, Vazquez A, Stelzl U, Lemmens I, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Hao T, Zenkner M, Xin X, Goh KI, Yildirim MA, Simonis N, Heinzmann K, Gebreab F, Sahalie JM, Cevik S, Simon C, de Smet AS, Dann E, Smolyar A, Vinayagam A, Yu H, Szeto D, Borick H, Dricot A, Klitgord N, Murray RR, Lin C, Lalowski M, Timm J, Rau K, Boone C, Braun P, Cusick ME, Roth FP, Hill DE, Tavernier J, Wanker EE, Barabasi AL, Vidal M (2009) An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping. Nat Methods 6(1):83–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Wyder S, Forslund K, Heller D, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Roth A, Santos A, Tsafou KP, Kuhn M, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C (2015) STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life. Nucleic Acids Res 43(Database issue):D447–D452. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lage K, Mollgard K, Greenway S, Wakimoto H, Gorham JM, Workman CT, Bendsen E, Hansen NT, Rigina O, Roque FS, Wiese C, Christoffels VM, Roberts AE, Smoot LB, Pu WT, Donahoe PK, Tommerup N, Brunak S, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Larsen LA (2010) Dissecting spatio-temporal protein networks driving human heart development and related disorders. Mol Syst Biol 6:381. doi:10.1038/msb.2010.36

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Corominas R, Yang X, Lin GN, Kang S, Shen Y, Ghamsari L, Broly M, Rodriguez M, Tam S, Trigg SA, Fan C, Yi S, Tasan M, Lemmens I, Kuang X, Zhao N, Malhotra D, Michaelson JJ, Vacic V, Calderwood MA, Roth FP, Tavernier J, Horvath S, Salehi-Ashtiani K, Korkin D, Sebat J, Hill DE, Hao T, Vidal M, Iakoucheva LM (2014) Protein interaction network of alternatively spliced isoforms from brain links genetic risk factors for autism. Nat Commun 5:3650. doi:10.1038/ncomms4650. ncomms4650 (pii)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Cusick ME, Yu H, Smolyar A, Venkatesan K, Carvunis AR, Simonis N, Rual JF, Borick H, Braun P, Dreze M, Vandenhaute J, Galli M, Yazaki J, Hill DE, Ecker JR, Roth FP, Vidal M (2009) Literature-curated protein interaction datasets. Nat Methods 6(1):39–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang X, Wei X, Thijssen B, Das J, Lipkin SM, Yu H (2012) Three-dimensional reconstruction of protein networks provides insight into human genetic disease. Nat Biotechnol 30(2):159–164. doi:10.1038/nbt.2106. nbt.2106 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Consortium EP (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature 489(7414):57–74. doi:10.1038/nature11247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Consortium GT (2015) Human genomics. The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. Science 348(6235):648–660. doi:10.1126/science.1262110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Royall JJ, Aiona K, Arnold JM, Bennet C, Bertagnolli D, Brouner K, Butler S, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Facer BA, Feng D, Fliss TP, Gee G, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor BW, Gu G, Howard RE, Jochim JM, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Lemon TA, Lesnar P, McMurray B, Mastan N, Mosqueda N, Naluai-Cecchini T, Ngo NK, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry SE, Stevens A, Pletikos M, Reding M, Roll K, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapouri S, Shapovalova NV, Shen EH, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith M, Sodt AJ, Williams D, Zollei L, Fischl B, Gerstein MB, Geschwind DH, Glass IA, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Huang H, Jones AR, Knowles JA, Levitt P, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Dang C, Bernard A, Hohmann JG, Lein ES (2014) Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain. Nature 508(7495):199–206. doi:10.1038/nature13185. nature13185 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Kundaje A, Meuleman W, Ernst J, Bilenky M, Yen A, Heravi-Moussavi A, Kheradpour P, Zhang Z, Wang J, Ziller MJ, Amin V, Whitaker JW, Schultz MD, Ward LD, Sarkar A, Quon G, Sandstrom RS, Eaton ML, Wu YC, Pfenning AR, Wang X, Claussnitzer M, Liu Y, Coarfa C, Harris RA, Shoresh N, Epstein CB, Gjoneska E, Leung D, Xie W, Hawkins RD, Lister R, Hong C, Gascard P, Mungall AJ, Moore R, Chuah E, Tam A, Canfield TK, Hansen RS, Kaul R, Sabo PJ, Bansal MS, Carles A, Dixon JR, Farh KH, Feizi S, Karlic R, Kim AR, Kulkarni A, Li D, Lowdon R, Elliott G, Mercer TR, Neph SJ, Onuchic V, Polak P, Rajagopal N, Ray P, Sallari RC, Siebenthall KT, Sinnott-Armstrong NA, Stevens M, Thurman RE, Wu J, Zhang B, Zhou X, Beaudet AE, Boyer LA, De Jager PL, Farnham PJ, Fisher SJ, Haussler D, Jones SJ, Li W, Marra MA, McManus MT, Sunyaev S, Thomson JA, Tlsty TD, Tsai LH, Wang W, Waterland RA, Zhang MQ, Chadwick LH, Bernstein BE, Costello JF, Ecker JR, Hirst M, Meissner A, Milosavljevic A, Ren B, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Wang T, Kellis M (2015) Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes. Nature 518(7539):317–330. doi:10.1038/nature14248. nature14248 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Consortium GT (2013) The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet 45(6):580–585. doi:10.1038/ng.2653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Colantuoni C, Lipska BK, Ye T, Hyde TM, Tao R, Leek JT, Colantuoni EA, Elkahloun AG, Herman MM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE (2011) Temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription in the human prefrontal cortex. Nature 478(7370):519–523. doi:10.1038/nature10524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Stuart JM, Segal E, Koller D, Kim SK (2003) A gene-coexpression network for global discovery of conserved genetic modules. Science 302(5643):249–255. doi:10.1126/science.1087447. 1087447 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang B, Horvath S (2005) A general framework for weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 4:Article 17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Henegar C, Tordjman J, Achard V, Lacasa D, Cremer I, Guerre-Millo M, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Stich V, Viguerie N, Langin D, Bedossa P, Zucker JD, Clement K (2008) Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity. Genome Biol 9(1):R14. doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Prifti E, Zucker JD, Clement K, Henegar C (2010) Interactional and functional centrality in transcriptional co-expression networks. Bioinformatics 26(24):3083–3089. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Horvath S, Zhang B, Carlson M, Lu KV, Zhu S, Felciano RM, Laurance MF, Zhao W, Qi S, Chen Z, Lee Y, Scheck AC, Liau LM, Wu H, Geschwind DH, Febbo PG, Kornblum HI, Cloughesy TF, Nelson SF, Mischel PS (2006) Analysis of oncogenic signaling networks in glioblastoma identifies ASPM as a molecular target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(46):17402–17407. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608396103. 0608396103 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Presson AP, Yoon NK, Bagryanova L, Mah V, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Rajasekaran AK, Goodglick L, Chia D, Horvath S (2011) Protein expression based multimarker analysis of breast cancer samples. BMC Cancer 11:230. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-230

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Levine AJ, Miller JA, Shapshak P, Gelman B, Singer EJ, Hinkin CH, Commins D, Morgello S, Grant I, Horvath S (2013) Systems analysis of human brain gene expression: mechanisms for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and common pathways with Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Med Genet 6:4. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-6-4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang JZ, Du Z, Payattakool R, Yu PS, Chen CF (2007) A new method to measure the semantic similarity of GO terms. Bioinformatics 23(10):1274–1281. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm087. btm087 (pii).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bayes A, van de Lagemaat LN, Collins MO, Croning MD, Whittle IR, Choudhary JS, Grant SG (2011) Characterization of the proteome, diseases and evolution of the human postsynaptic density. Nat Neurosci 14(1):19–21. doi:10.1038/nn.2719. nn.2719 (pii)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Darnell JC, Van Driesche SJ, Zhang C, Hung KY, Mele A, Fraser CE, Stone EF, Chen C, Fak JJ, Chi SW, Licatalosi DD, Richter JD, Darnell RB (2011) FMRP stalls ribosomal translocation on mRNAs linked to synaptic function and autism. Cell 146(2):247–261. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.013. S0092-8674(11)00655-6 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Samocha KE, Robinson EB, Sanders SJ, Stevens C, Sabo A, McGrath LM, Kosmicki JA, Rehnstrom K, Mallick S, Kirby A, Wall DP, MacArthur DG, Gabriel SB, DePristo M, Purcell SM, Palotie A, Boerwinkle E, Buxbaum JD, Cook EH Jr, Gibbs RA, Schellenberg GD, Sutcliffe JS, Devlin B, Roeder K, Neale BM, Daly MJ (2014) A framework for the interpretation of de novo mutation in human disease. Nat Genet 46(9):944–950. doi:10.1038/ng.3050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Pasca SP, Portmann T, Voineagu I, Yazawa M, Shcheglovitov A, Pasca AM, Cord B, Palmer TD, Chikahisa S, Nishino S, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer J, Geschwind DH, Dolmetsch RE (2011) Using iPSC-derived neurons to uncover cellular phenotypes associated with Timothy syndrome. Nat Med 17(12):1657–1662. doi:10.1038/nm.2576. nm.2576 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Troge J, Alexander J, Young J, Lundin P, Maner S, Massa H, Walker M, Chi M, Navin N, Lucito R, Healy J, Hicks J, Ye K, Reiner A, Gilliam TC, Trask B, Patterson N, Zetterberg A, Wigler M (2004) Large-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome. Science 305(5683):525–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Malhotra D, Sebat J (2012) CNVs: harbingers of a rare variant revolution in psychiatric genetics. Cell 148(6):1223–1241. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.039. S0092-8674(12)00277-2 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Pinto D, Delaby E, Merico D, Barbosa M, Merikangas A, Klei L, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Xu X, Ziman R, Wang Z, Vorstman JA, Thompson A, Regan R, Pilorge M, Pellecchia G, Pagnamenta AT, Oliveira B, Marshall CR, Magalhaes TR, Lowe JK, Howe JL, Griswold AJ, Gilbert J, Duketis E, Dombroski BA, De Jonge MV, Cuccaro M, Crawford EL, Correia CT, Conroy J, Conceicao IC, Chiocchetti AG, Casey JP, Cai G, Cabrol C, Bolshakova N, Bacchelli E, Anney R, Gallinger S, Cotterchio M, Casey G, Zwaigenbaum L, Wittemeyer K, Wing K, Wallace S, van Engeland H, Tryfon A, Thomson S, Soorya L, Roge B, Roberts W, Poustka F, Mouga S, Minshew N, McInnes LA, McGrew SG, Lord C, Leboyer M, Le Couteur AS, Kolevzon A, Jimenez Gonzalez P, Jacob S, Holt R, Guter S, Green J, Green A, Gillberg C, Fernandez BA, Duque F, Delorme R, Dawson G, Chaste P, Cafe C, Brennan S, Bourgeron T, Bolton PF, Bolte S, Bernier R, Baird G, Bailey AJ, Anagnostou E, Almeida J, Wijsman EM, Vieland VJ, Vicente AM, Schellenberg GD, Pericak-Vance M, Paterson AD, Parr JR, Oliveira G, Nurnberger JI, Monaco AP, Maestrini E, Klauck SM, Hakonarson H, Haines JL, Geschwind DH, Freitag CM, Folstein SE, Ennis S, Coon H, Battaglia A, Szatmari P, Sutcliffe JS, Hallmayer J, Gill M, Cook EH, Buxbaum JD, Devlin B, Gallagher L, Betancur C, Scherer SW (2014) Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Hum Genet 94(5):677–694. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Walsh T, McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB, Cooper GM, Nord AS, Kusenda M, Malhotra D, Bhandari A, Stray SM, Rippey CF, Roccanova P, Makarov V, Lakshmi B, Findling RL, Sikich L, Stromberg T, Merriman B, Gogtay N, Butler P, Eckstrand K, Noory L, Gochman P, Long R, Chen Z, Davis S, Baker C, Eichler EE, Meltzer PS, Nelson SF, Singleton AB, Lee MK, Rapoport JL, King MC, Sebat J (2008) Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 320(5875):539–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kumar RA, KaraMohamed S, Sudi J, Conrad DF, Brune C, Badner JA, Gilliam TC, Nowak NJ, Cook EH Jr, Dobyns WB, Christian SL (2008) Recurrent 16p11.2 microdeletions in autism. Hum Mol Genet 17(4):628–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Itsara A, Wu H, Smith JD, Nickerson DA, Romieu I, London SJ, Eichler EE (2010) De novo rates and selection of large copy number variation. Genome Res 20(11):1469–1481. doi:10.1101/gr.107680.110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Levy D, Ronemus M, Yamrom B, Lee YH, Leotta A, Kendall J, Marks S, Lakshmi B, Pai D, Ye K, Buja A, Krieger A, Yoon S, Troge J, Rodgers L, Iossifov I, Wigler M (2011) Rare de novo and transmitted copy-number variation in autistic spectrum disorders. Neuron 70(5):886–897. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.015. S0896-6273(11)00396-5 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gilman SR, Iossifov I, Levy D, Ronemus M, Wigler M, Vitkup D (2011) Rare de novo variants associated with autism implicate a large functional network of genes involved in formation and function of synapses. Neuron 70(5):898–907. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.021. S0896-6273(11)00439-9 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sanders SJ, He X, Willsey AJ, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Samocha KE, Cicek AE, Murtha MT, Bal VH, Bishop SL, Dong S, Goldberg AP, Jinlu C, Keaney JF III, Klei L, Mandell JD, Moreno-De-Luca D, Poultney CS, Robinson EB, Smith L, Solli-Nowlan T, Su MY, Teran NA, Walker MF, Werling DM, Beaudet AL, Cantor RM, Fombonne E, Geschwind DH, Grice DE, Lord C, Lowe JK, Mane SM, Martin DM, Morrow EM, Talkowski ME, Sutcliffe JS, Walsh CA, Yu TW, Autism Sequencing C, Ledbetter DH, Martin CL, Cook EH, Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Roeder K, State MW (2015) Insights into autism spectrum disorder genomic architecture and biology from 71 risk loci. Neuron 87(6):1215–1233. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. McCarthy SE, Makarov V, Kirov G, Addington AM, McClellan J, Yoon S, Perkins DO, Dickel DE, Kusenda M, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Kumar RA, Grozeva D, Malhotra D, Walsh T, Zackai EH, Kaplan P, Ganesh J, Krantz ID, Spinner NB, Roccanova P, Bhandari A, Pavon K, Lakshmi B, Leotta A, Kendall J, Lee YH, Vacic V, Gary S, Iakoucheva LM, Crow TJ, Christian SL, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, Lehtimaki T, Puura K, Haldeman-Englert C, Pearl J, Goodell M, Willour VL, Derosse P, Steele J, Kassem L, Wolff J, Chitkara N, McMahon FJ, Malhotra AK, Potash JB, Schulze TG, Nothen MM, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Leibenluft E, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Sutcliffe JS, Skuse D, Gill M, Gallagher L, Mendell NR, Craddock N, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Shaikh TH, Susser E, Delisi LE, Sullivan PF, Deutsch CK, Rapoport J, Levy DL, King MC, Sebat J (2009) Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia. Nat Genet 41(11):1223–1227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Golzio C, Willer J, Talkowski ME, Oh EC, Taniguchi Y, Jacquemont S, Reymond A, Sun M, Sawa A, Gusella JF, Kamiya A, Beckmann JS, Katsanis N (2012) KCTD13 is a major driver of mirrored neuroanatomical phenotypes of the 16p11.2 copy number variant. Nature 485(7398):363–367. doi:10.1038/nature11091. nature11091 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Horev G, Ellegood J, Lerch JP, Son YE, Muthuswamy L, Vogel H, Krieger AM, Buja A, Henkelman RM, Wigler M, Mills AA (2011) Dosage-dependent phenotypes in models of 16p11.2 lesions found in autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(41):17076–17081. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114042108. 1114042108 (pii)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Stranger BE, Forrest MS, Dunning M, Ingle CE, Beazley C, Thorne N, Redon R, Bird CP, de Grassi A, Lee C, Tyler-Smith C, Carter N, Scherer SW, Tavare S, Deloukas P, Hurles ME, Dermitzakis ET (2007) Relative impact of nucleotide and copy number variation on gene expression phenotypes. Science 315(5813):848–853. doi:10.1126/science.1136678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Luo R, Sanders SJ, Tian Y, Voineagu I, Huang N, Chu SH, Klei L, Cai C, Ou J, Lowe JK, Hurles ME, Devlin B, State MW, Geschwind DH (2012) Genome-wide transcriptome profiling reveals the functional impact of rare de novo and recurrent CNVs in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Hum Genet 91(1):38–55. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.011. S0002-9297(12)00267-4 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Rees E, Kirov G, Sanders A, Walters JT, Chambert KD, Shi J, Szatkiewicz J, O'Dushlaine C, Richards AL, Green EK, Jones I, Davies G, Legge SE, Moran JL, Pato C, Pato M, Genovese G, Levinson D, Duan J, Moy W, Goring HH, Morris D, Cormican P, Kendler KS, O'Neill FA, Riley B, Gill M, Corvin A, Wellcome Trust Case Control C, Craddock N, Sklar P, Hultman C, Sullivan PF, Gejman PV, McCarroll SA, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ (2014) Evidence that duplications of 22q11.2 protect against schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 19(1):37–40. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pan Q, Shai O, Lee LJ, Frey BJ, Blencowe BJ (2008) Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing. Nat Genet 40(12):1413–1415. doi:10.1038/ng.259. ng.259 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wang ET, Sandberg R, Luo S, Khrebtukova I, Zhang L, Mayr C, Kingsmore SF, Schroth GP, Burge CB (2008) Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes. Nature 456(7221):470–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Yeo G, Holste D, Kreiman G, Burge CB (2004) Variation in alternative splicing across human tissues. Genome Biol 5(10):R74. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r74

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Mele M, Ferreira PG, Reverter F, DeLuca DS, Monlong J, Sammeth M, Young TR, Goldmann JM, Pervouchine DD, Sullivan TJ, Johnson R, Segre AV, Djebali S, Niarchou A, Wright FA, Lappalainen T, Calvo M, Getz G, Dermitzakis ET, Ardlie KG, Guigo R (2015) Human genomics. The human transcriptome across tissues and individuals. Science 348(6235):660–665. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0355. 348/6235/660 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Buljan M, Chalancon G, Eustermann S, Wagner GP, Fuxreiter M, Bateman A, Babu MM (2012) Tissue-specific splicing of disordered segments that embed binding motifs rewires protein interaction networks. Mol Cell 46(6):871–883. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.039. S1097-2765(12)00484-4 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ellis JD, Barrios-Rodiles M, Colak R, Irimia M, Kim T, Calarco JA, Wang X, Pan Q, O'Hanlon D, Kim PM, Wrana JL, Blencowe BJ (2012) Tissue-specific alternative splicing remodels protein-protein interaction networks. Mol Cell 46(6):884–892. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.037. S1097-2765(12)00482-0 (pii)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Yang X, Coulombe-Huntington J, Kang S, Sheynkman GM, Hao T, Richardson A, Sun S, Yang F, Shen YA, Murray RR, Spirohn K, Begg BE, Duran-Frigola M, MacWilliams A, Pevzner SJ, Zhong Q, Trigg SA, Tam S, Ghamsari L, Sahni N, Yi S, Rodriguez MD, Balcha D, Tan G, Costanzo M, Andrews B, Boone C, Zhou XJ, Salehi-Ashtiani K, Charloteaux B, Chen AA, Calderwood MA, Aloy P, Roth FP, Hill DE, Iakoucheva LM, Xia Y, Vidal M (2016) Widespread expansion of protein interaction capabilities by alternative splicing. Cell 164(4):805–817. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Liu C, Song X, Nisbet R, Gotz J (2016) Co-immunoprecipitation with tau isoform-specific antibodies reveals distinct protein interactions, and highlights a putative role for 2N tau in disease. J Biol Chem. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.641902

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kalsotra A, Cooper TA (2011) Functional consequences of developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Nat Rev Genet 12(10):715–729. doi:10.1038/nrg3052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Schwerk C, Schulze-Osthoff K (2005) Regulation of apoptosis by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell 19(1):1–13. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.05.026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Liu J, McCleland M, Stawiski EW, Gnad F, Mayba O, Haverty PM, Durinck S, Chen YJ, Klijn C, Jhunjhunwala S, Lawrence M, Liu H, Wan Y, Chopra V, Yaylaoglu MB, Yuan W, Ha C, Gilbert HN, Reeder J, Pau G, Stinson J, Stern HM, Manning G, Wu TD, Neve RM, de Sauvage FJ, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Firestein R, Zhang Z (2014) Integrated exome and transcriptome sequencing reveals ZAK isoform usage in gastric cancer. Nat Commun 5:3830. doi:10.1038/ncomms4830

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Barrett CL, DeBoever C, Jepsen K, Saenz CC, Carson DA, Frazer KA (2015) Systematic transcriptome analysis reveals tumor-specific isoforms for ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(23):E3050–E3057. doi:10.1073/pnas.1508057112

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (2009) TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq. Bioinformatics 25(9):1105–1111. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Li B, Dewey CN (2011) RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics 12:323. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Roberts A, Pachter L (2013) Streaming fragment assignment for real-time analysis of sequencing experiments. Nat Methods 10(1):71–73. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pathway Analysis working group of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (2015) Pathway and network analysis of cancer genomes. Nat Methods 12(7):615–621. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3440

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lilia M. Iakoucheva .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Lin, G.N., Corominas, R., Nam, HJ., Urresti, J., Iakoucheva, L.M. (2017). Comprehensive Analyses of Tissue-Specific Networks with Implications to Psychiatric Diseases. In: Tatarinova, T., Nikolsky, Y. (eds) Biological Networks and Pathway Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1613. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7027-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7027-8_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7025-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7027-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics