Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells able to differentiate into cells belonging to all three germ layers. Unfortunately, the major problem with their application in the clinic is that they grow teratomas in the host tissues. Nevertheless, ESCs secrete also several soluble factors (peptides, bioactive lipids, extracellular nucleotides) as well small, spherical membrane fragments that are shed from the cell surface or secreted from the endosomal compartment; called extracellular microvesicles (ExMVs). These paracrine mediators play an important role in cell–cell communication and tissue/organ development and could be employed in regenerative medicine. Thus, until appropriate strategies that will harness in vivo application of ESCs in the clinic will be developed, conditioned media harvested from cultured in vitro ESCs, enriched in soluble factors and ExMVs, could be employed in regenerative medicine as therapeutics to treat damaged organs. ExMVs known as argosomes are also secreted during embryogenesis by some fetal cells and are involved in tissue patterning and organ development. In this chapter we will discuss potential applications of in vitro generated ESCs-derived paracrine factors as an option to harness therapeutic potential of these cells in regenerative medicine.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIH grants 2R01 DK074720 and R01HL112788, the Stella and Henry Endowment, and Maestro grant 2011/02/A/NZ4/00035 to MZR.
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Ratajczak, M.Z., Schneider, G., Ratajczak, J. (2016). Paracrine Effects of Fetal Stem Cells. In: Fauza, D., Bani, M. (eds) Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_3
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