Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Neuroscience in the 21st Century

  • 274 Accesses

Abstract

The history of ADHD in the twenty-first century was summarized using 5 topics (diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, prognosis, and pathophysiology). Brief reviews were provided for changes in the official criteria, stability of worldwide prevalence, increases in pharmacological treatment, persistence into adulthood, and biological bases of ADHD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 2,999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ADHD-200 Consortium (2012) The ADHD-200 Consortium: a model to advance the translational potential of neuroimaging in clinical neuroscience. Front Syst Neurosci 6:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1968) DSM-II. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) DSM-III. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Asherson P (2004) IMAGE consortium. ADHD in the post-genomic era. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13:150–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley RA (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121:65–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K (2002) The persistence of ADHD into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 111:279–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN et al (2010) Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:4734–4739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W et al (2006) The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type ADHD: association signals in DRD4, DAT1, and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 11:934–953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos FX, Proal E (2012) Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci 16:17–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross-disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013) Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet 45:984–994

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuthbert BN, Insel TR (2013) Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med 11:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard S, Nielson HS, Simonsen M (2014) Consequences of ADHD medication use for children’s outcomes. J Health Econ 37:137–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV (2014) Advances in genetics of ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 76:599–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of ADHD: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36:159–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T et al (2015) ADHD. Nat Rev 1:1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke B, Neale BM, Faraone SV (2009) GWAS in ADHD. Hum Genet 126:13–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grady DL, Chi HC, Ding YC et al (2003) High prevalence of rare dopamine receptor D4 alleles in children diagnosed with ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 8:536–545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM et al (2007) 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:988–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein RG, Abikoff H, Hechtman L et al (2004) Design and rationale of controlled study of long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:792–801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J et al (2012) Medication for ADHD and criminality. NEJM 367:2006–2014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin J, Hamshere ML, Stergiakouli E et al (2014) Genetic risk for ADHD contributes to neurodevelopmental traits in the general population. Biol Psychiatry 76:664–671

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy S, Wilton L, Murray ML et al (2012) The epidemiology of pharmacological treated ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults in UK primary care. BMC Pediatr 12:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt TE, Houts R, Asherson P et al (2015) Is adult ADHD a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder? Evidence from a four-decade longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 172:967–977

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molina SG, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE et al (2013) Adolescent substance use in the MTA as a function of childhood ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:250–263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MTA Group (1999) A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1073–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MTA Group (2004) NIMH MTA follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth. Pediatrics 113:762–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale BM, Midland SE, Ripke S et al (2010a) Meta-analysis of GWAS of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:884–897

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neale BM, Medland S, Ripke S et al (2010b) Case–control GWAS of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:906–920

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Owens JS, Matthew E, Goldfine NM et al (2006) A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusionary bias in children with ADHD. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 10:335–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA et al (2014) ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol 43:434–442

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Steering Committee (2009) A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 14:10–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safer D (2016) Recent trends in stimulant usage. J of Att Dis 20(6):471–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley M, Swanson JM, Arnold LE et al (2016) Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: optimizing sensitivity and specificity. Submitted

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke EJS (2002) Psychological heterogeneity in ADHD: a dual pathway model of behavior and attention. Behav Brain Res 130:29–36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke EJS, Brandeis DF, Cortese S et al (2013) Non-pharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry. 170(3):275–89. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991. Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Still GF (1902) Some abnormal psychical conditions in children. Lancet 1:1008–1012, 1077–1082, 1163–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson JM, Volkow ND (2008) Increasing use of stimulants warns of potential abuse. Nature 453:586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson JM, Volkow ND (2009) Psychopharmacology: concepts and opinions about the use of stimulant medications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50:180–193

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson JM, Lerner MA, Williams L (1995) More frequent diagnosis of ADHD. N Engl J Med 333:944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson JM, Sergeant J, Taylor E, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Jensen PS, Cantwell DP (1998) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 351:429–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Molina B et al (2016) Outcomes in the 16-year follow-up of the MTA: persistence of symptoms and medication side effects in early adulthood. Submitted

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND (2012) Abnormal functional connectivity in children with ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 71:443–450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND (2014) Functional connectivity of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area: maturation during adolescence and effects of ADHD cerebral cortex 24:935–944

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser SN, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH et al (2014) Trends in the parent report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated ADHD: US, 2003–2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:34–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Swanson JM (2013) Adult ADHD. N Engl J Med 369:1935–1944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow NDF, Wang GJ, Kollins SH et al (2009) Evaluating dopamine reward pathways in ADHD. JAMA 302:1084–1091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss G, Kruger E, Danielson U et al (1975) Effect of long-term treatment of hyperactive children with methylphenidate. CMA J 112:159–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1966) The ICD-8 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT et al (2005) Validity of the executive function theory of ADHD: a meat-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 57:1336–1346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams NM, Franke B, Mick ER et al (2012) Genome-wide CNVs in ADHD confirms the roles of rare variants and implicates duplications at 15q13.3. Am J Psychiatry 169:195–204

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo BT, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J et al (2011) The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106:1125–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatrics, University of California, 3 Harvey Court, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA

    J. M. Swanson

  2. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Univesiteit Amsterdam, Ign. Bispincklaan 11, 2061 EM Bloemendaal, 92617, The Netherlands

    J. A. Sergeant

  3. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK

    Eric Andrew Taylor

  4. Psychology (Developmental Psychopathology) Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    E. J. S. Sonuga-Barke

  5. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA

    P. S. Jensen

  6. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radiology, Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Child Study Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Francisco Xavier Castellanos

  7. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Francisco Xavier Castellanos

  8. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA

    Francisco Xavier Castellanos

Authors
  1. J. M. Swanson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. A. Sergeant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eric Andrew Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. J. S. Sonuga-Barke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. S. Jensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francisco Xavier Castellanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. M. Swanson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA

    Donald W. Pfaff

  2. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Nora D. Volkow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Swanson, J.M., Sergeant, J.A., Taylor, E.A., Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S., Jensen, P.S., Castellanos, F.X. (2016). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Pfaff, D., Volkow, N. (eds) Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3474-4_169

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation