Abstract
The rapid rotation of the gas giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn, leads to the formation of magnetodisc regions in their magnetospheric environments. In these regions, relatively cold plasma is confined towards the equatorial regions, and the magnetic field generated by the azimuthal (ring) current adds to the planetary dipole, forming radially distended field lines near the equatorial plane. The ensuing force balance in the equatorial magnetodisc is strongly influenced by centrifugal stress and by the thermal pressure of hot ion populations, whose thermal energy is large compared to the magnitude of their centrifugal potential energy. The sources of plasma for the Jovian and Kronian magnetospheres are the respective satellites Io (a volcanic moon) and Enceladus (an icy moon). The plasma produced by these sources is globally transported outwards through the respective magnetosphere, and ultimately lost from the system. One of the most studied mechanisms for this transport is flux tube interchange, a plasma instability which displaces mass but does not displace magnetic flux—an important observational constraint for any transport process. Pressure anisotropy is likely to play a role in the loss of plasma from these magnetospheres. This is especially the case for the Jovian system, which can harbour strong parallel pressures at the equatorial segments of rotating, expanding flux tubes, leading to these regions becoming unstable, blowing open and releasing their plasma. Plasma mass loss is also associated with magnetic reconnection events in the magnetotail regions. In this overview, we summarise some important observational and theoretical concepts associated with the production and transport of plasma in giant planet magnetodiscs. We begin by considering aspects of force balance in these systems, and their coupling with the ionospheres of their parent planets. We then describe the role of the interaction between neutral and ionized species, and how it determines the rate at which plasma mass and momentum are added to the magnetodisc. Following this, we describe the observational properties of plasma injections, and the consequent implications for the nature of global plasma transport and magnetodisc stability. The theory of the flux tube interchange instability is reviewed, and the influences of gravity and magnetic curvature on the instability are described. The interaction between simulated interchange plasma structures and Saturn’s moon Titan is discussed, and its relationship to observed periodic phenomena at Saturn is described. Finally, the observation, generation and evolution of plasma waves associated with mass loading in the magnetodisc regions is reviewed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
N. Achilleos, S. Miller, R. Prangé, G. Millward, M.K. Dougherty, A dynamical model of Jupiter’s auroral electrojet. New J. Phys. 3, 3 (2001). doi:10.1088/1367-2630/3/1/303
N. Achilleos, P. Guio, C.S. Arridge, A model of force balance in Saturn’s magnetodisc. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, 2349–2371 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15865.x
N. André, K.M. Ferrière, Low-frequency waves and instabilities in stratified, gyrotropic, multicomponent plasmas: Theory and application to plasma transport in the Io torus. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 12225 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JA010599
N. André, K.M. Ferrière, Comments on Vasyliunas’ and Pontius’ studies of the effects of the planetary ionosphere and of the Coriolis force on the interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 10203 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA011732
N. André, M.K. Dougherty, C.T. Russell, J.S. Leisner, K.K. Khurana, Dynamics of the Saturnian inner magnetosphere: First inferences from the Cassini magnetometers about small-scale plasma transport in the magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 14 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022643
N. André, A.M. Persoon, J. Goldstein, J.L. Burch, P. Louarn, G.R. Lewis, A.M. Rymer, A.J. Coates, W.S. Kurth, E.C. Sittler, M.F. Thomsen, F.J. Crary, M.K. Dougherty, D.A. Gurnett, D.T. Young, Magnetic signatures of plasma-depleted flux tubes in the Saturnian inner magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 14108 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL030374
D.J. Andrews, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, L. Lamy, G. Provan, D.J. Southwood, Planetary period oscillations in Saturn’s magnetosphere: Evolution of magnetic oscillation properties from southern summer to post-equinox. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 4224 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011JA017444
C.S. Arridge, N. André, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, S.W.H. Cowley, G. Provan, D.J. Andrews, C.M. Jackman, A.J. Coates, E.C. Sittler, M.K. Dougherty, D.T. Young, Periodic motion of Saturn’s nightside plasma sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 11205 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA016827
F. Bagenal, Ionization source near Io from Galileo wake data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2111 (1997). doi:10.1029/97GL02052
F. Bagenal, P.A. Delamere, Flow of mass and energy in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 5209 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016294
D.D. Barbosa, Theory and observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 9345–9350 (1993). doi:10.1029/93JA00476
M. Blanc, S. Bolton, J. Bradley, M. Burton, T.E. Cravens, I. Dandouras, M.K. Dougherty, M.C. Festou, J. Feynman, R.E. Johnson, T.G. Gombosi, W.S. Kurth, P.C. Liewer, B.H. Mauk, S. Maurice, D. Mitchell, F.M. Neubauer, J.D. Richardson, D.E. Shemansky, E.C. Sittler, B.T. Tsurutani, P. Zarka, L.W. Esposito, E. Grün, D.A. Gurnett, A.J. Kliore, S.M. Krimigis, D. Southwood, J.H. Waite, D.T. Young, Magnetospheric and plasma science with Cassini-Huygens. Space Sci. Rev. 104, 253–346 (2002). doi:10.1023/A:1023605110711
X. Blanco-Cano, C.T. Russell, R.J. Strangeway, The Io mass-loading disk: Wave dispersion analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 26261–26276 (2001a). doi:10.1029/2001JA900090
X. Blanco-Cano, C.T. Russell, R.J. Strangeway, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, Galileo observations of ion cyclotron waves in the Io torus. Adv. Space Res. 28, 1469–1474 (2001b). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00548-8
X. Blanco-Cano, C.T. Russell, D.E. Huddleston, R.J. Strangeway, Ion cyclotron waves near Io. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1125–1136 (2001c). doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00020-4
P.C. Brandt, C.P. Paranicas, J.F. Carbary, D.G. Mitchell, B.H. Mauk, S.M. Krimigis, Understanding the global evolution of Saturn’s ring current. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 17101 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL034969
P.C. Brandt, D.G. Mitchell, D.A. Gurnett, A.M. Persoon, N.A. Tsyganenko, Saturn’s periodic magnetosphere: the relation between periodic hot plasma injections, a rotating partial ring current, global magnetic field distortions, plasmapause motion, and radio emissions, in EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, ed. by A. Abbasi, N. Giesen. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol. 14 (2012), p. 12906
S.H. Brecht, J.G. Luhmann, D.J. Larson, Simulation of the Saturnian magnetospheric interaction with Titan. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 13119–13130 (2000). doi:10.1029/1999JA900490
N. Brice, T.R. McDonough, Jupiter’s radiation belts. Icarus 18, 206–219 (1973). doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90204-2
R.A. Brown, The Jupiter hot plasma torus: Observed electron temperature and energy flows. Astrophys. J. 244, 1072 (1981)
E.J. Bunce, S.W.H. Cowley, D.M. Wright, A.J. Coates, M.K. Dougherty, N. Krupp, W.S. Kurth, A.M. Rymer, In situ observations of a solar wind compression-induced hot plasma injection in Saturn’s tail. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 20 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022888
E.J. Bunce, S.W.H. Cowley, I.I. Alexeev, C.S. Arridge, M.K. Dougherty, J.D. Nichols, C.T. Russell, Cassini observations of the variation of Saturn’s ring current parameters with system size. J. Geophys. Res. 112(A11), 10202 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012275
E.J. Bunce, C.S. Arridge, J.T. Clarke, A.J. Coates, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, J.-C. GéRard, D. Grodent, K.C. Hansen, J.D. Nichols, D.J. Southwood, D.L. Talboys, Origin of Saturn’s aurora: Simultaneous observations by Cassini and the Hubble Space Telescope. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 9209 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013257
J.L. Burch, J. Goldstein, T.W. Hill, D.T. Young, F.J. Crary, A.J. Coates, N. André, W.S. Kurth, E.C. Sittler, Properties of local plasma injections in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 14 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022611
J.L. Burch, J. Goldstein, W.S. Lewis, D.T. Young, A.J. Coates, M.K. Dougherty, N. André, Tethys and Dione as sources of outward-flowing plasma in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Nature 447, 833–835 (2007). doi:10.1038/nature05906
J.L. Burch, A.D. DeJong, J. Goldstein, D.T. Young, Periodicity in Saturn’s magnetosphere: Plasma cam. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 14203 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL039043
M.H. Burger, Io’s neutral clouds: From the atmosphere to the plasma torus, PhD thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2003
J.F. Carbary, D.G. Mitchell, Periodicities in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Rev. Geophys. 51, 1–30 (2013). doi:10.1002/rog.20006
J.F. Carbary, D.G. Mitchell, S.M. Krimigis, D.C. Hamilton, N. Krupp, Charged particle periodicities in Saturn’s outer magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 6246 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012351
J.F. Carbary, D.G. Mitchell, P. Brandt, C. Paranicas, S.M. Krimigis, ENA periodicities at Saturn. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 7102 (2008a). doi:10.1029/2008GL033230
J.F. Carbary, D.G. Mitchell, P. Brandt, E.C. Roelof, S.M. Krimigis, Track analysis of energetic neutral atom blobs at Saturn. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 1209 (2008b). doi:10.1029/2007JA012708
T.A. Cassidy, R.E. Johnson, Collisional spreading of Enceladus’s neutral cloud. Icarus 209, 696–703 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.010
G. Caudal, A self-consistent model of Jupiter’s magnetodisc including the effects of centrifugal force and pressure. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4201–4221 (1986). doi:10.1029/JA091iA04p04201
C.X. Chen, Numerical simulation of the Io-torus-driven radial plasma transport. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1376 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009460
Y. Chen, T.W. Hill, Statistical analysis of injection/dispersion events in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 7215 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013166
Y. Chen, T.W. Hill, A.M. Rymer, R.J. Wilson, Rate of radial transport of plasma in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 10211 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010JA015412
A.F. Cheng, Magnetospheric interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 9900–9904 (1985). doi:10.1029/JA090iA10p09900
J.T. Clarke, L. Ben Jaffel, J.-C. Gérard, Hubble Space Telescope imaging of Jupiter’s UV aurora during the Galileo orbiter mission. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 20217–20236 (1998). doi:10.1029/98JE01130
K.E. Clarke, D.J. Andrews, C.S. Arridge, A.J. Coates, S.W.H. Cowley, Magnetopause oscillations near the planetary period at Saturn: Occurrence, phase, and amplitude. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 8209 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014745
M.R. Combi, K. Kabin, T.I. Gombosi, D.L. DeZeeuw, Io’s plasma environment during the Galileo flyby: Global three-dimensional MHD modeling with adaptive mesh refinement. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 9071 (1998)
M.M. Cowee, S.P. Gary, Electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave generation by planetary pickup ions: One-dimensional hybrid simulations at sub-Alfvénic pickup velocities. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 6215 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012JA017568
M.M. Cowee, R.J. Strangeway, C.T. Russell, D. Winske, One-dimensional hybrid simulations of planetary ion pickup: Techniques and verification. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 12213 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JA011996
M.M. Cowee, C.T. Russell, R.J. Strangeway, One-dimensional hybrid simulations of planetary ion pickup: Effects of variable plasma and pickup conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 8220 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013066
M.M. Cowee, S.P. Gary, H.Y. Wei, R.L. Tokar, C.T. Russell, An explanation for the lack of ion cyclotron wave generation by pickup ions at Titan: 1-D hybrid simulation results. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 10224 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010JA015769
S.W.H. Cowley, E.J. Bunce, Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter’s coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1067–1088 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00167-7
S.W.H. Cowley, J.D. Nichols, D.J. Andrews, Modulation of Jupiter’s plasma flow, polar currents, and auroral precipitation by solar wind-induced compressions and expansions of the magnetosphere: a simple theoretical model. Ann. Geophys. 25, 1433–1463 (2007). doi:10.5194/angeo-25-1433-2007
F.J. Crary, F. Bagenal, Ion cyclotron waves, pickup ions, and Io’s neutral exosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 25379–27066 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000JA000055
F.J. Crary, F. Bagenal, J.A. Ansher, D.A. Gurnett, W.S. Kurth, Anisotropy and proton density in the Io plasma torus derived from whistler wave dispersion. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 2699–2706 (1996). doi:10.1029/95JA02212
P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, Modeling variability of plasma conditions in the Io torus. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1276 (2003)
P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, Longitudinal plasma density variations at Saturn caused by hot electrons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 3107 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007GL031095
P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, Jupiter and Saturn: Colossal comets? (2013 in preparation)
P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, V. Dols, L.C. Ray, Saturn’s neutral torus versus Jupiter’s plasma torus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 9105 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL029437
M.D. Desch, M.L. Kaiser, Voyager measurement of the rotation period of Saturn’s magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 253–256 (1981). doi:10.1029/GL008i003p00253
V. Dols, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, A multispecies chemistry model of Io’s local interaction with the Plasma Torus. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 9208 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012805
V. Dols, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, W.S. Kurth, W.R. Paterson, Asymmetry of Io’s outer atmosphere: Constraints from five Galileo flybys. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 117, 10010 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012JE004076
S.A. Espinosa, M.K. Dougherty, Periodic perturbations in Saturn’s magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2785–2788 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000GL000048
A.J. Farmer, Saturn in hot water: Viscous evolution of the Enceladus torus. Icarus 202, 280–286 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.031
K.M. Ferrière, N. André, A mixed magnetohydrodynamic-kinetic theory of low-frequency waves and instabilities in stratified, gyrotropic, two-component plasmas. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1308 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003JA009883
K.M. Ferrière, C. Zimmer, M. Blanc, Magnetohydrodynamic waves and gravitational/centrifugal instability in rotating systems. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 17335–17356 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900167
B.L. Fleshman, The roles of dissociation and velocity-dependent charge exchange in Saturn’s extended neutral clouds, in Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets (2011)
B.L. Fleshman, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, A sensitivity study of the Enceladus torus. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 115, 4007 (2010a). doi:10.1029/2009JE003372
B.L. Fleshman, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, Modeling the Enceladus plume-plasma interaction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 3202 (2010b). doi:10.1029/2009GL041613
B.L. Fleshman, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, T. Cassidy, The roles of charge exchange and dissociation in spreading Saturn’s neutral clouds. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 117, 5007 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011JE003996
L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, Intense electron beams observed at Io with the Galileo spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 28657 (1999)
L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, Production of hydrogen ions at Io. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 10345–10354 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900052
L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, Observations of plasmas in the Io torus with the Galileo spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 16017–16034 (2000). doi:10.1029/1999JA000250
L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, Passage through lo’s ionospheric plasmas by the Galileo spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 106(A11), 26209–26224 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA002503
L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, K.L. Ackerson, V.M. Vasyliunas, F.V. Coroniti, S.J. Bolton, Plasma observations at Io with the Galileo spacecraft. Science 274(5286), 394–395 (1996). doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.394
K. Fukazawa, T. Ogino, R.J. Walker, Vortex-associated reconnection for northward IMF in the Kronian magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 23201 (2007)
K. Fukazawa, T. Ogino, R.J. Walker, A simulation study of dynamics in the distant Jovian magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 9219 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015228
G. Giampieri, M.K. Dougherty, E.J. Smith, C.T. Russell, A regular period for Saturn’s magnetic field that may track its internal rotation. Nature 441, 62–64 (2006). doi:10.1038/nature04750
J.A. Gledhill, Magnetosphere of Jupiter. Nature 214, 155 (1967). doi:10.1038/214155a0
T. Gold, Motions in the magnetosphere of the earth. J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1219–1224 (1959)
P. Goldreich, A.J. Farmer, Spontaneous axisymmetry breaking of the external magnetic field at Saturn. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 5225 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012163
D.A. Gurnett, W.S. Kurth, G.B. Hospodarsky, A.M. Persoon, T.F. Averkamp, B. Cecconi, A. Lecacheux, P. Zarka, P. Canu, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, P. Galopeau, A. Roux, C. Harvey, P. Louarn, R. Bostrom, G. Gustafsson, J.-E. Wahlund, M.D. Desch, W.M. Farrell, M.L. Kaiser, K. Goetz, P.J. Kellogg, G. Fischer, H.-P. Ladreiter, H. Rucker, H. Alleyne, A. Pedersen, Radio and plasma wave observations at Saturn from Cassini’s approach and first orbit. Science 307, 1255–1259 (2005). doi:10.1126/science.1105356
D.A. Gurnett, A.M. Persoon, W.S. Kurth, J.B. Groene, T.F. Averkamp, M.K. Dougherty, D.J. Southwood, The variable rotation period of the inner region of Saturn’s plasma disk. Science 316, 442 (2007). doi:10.1126/science.1138562
D.A. Gurnett, A.M. Persoon, J.B. Groene, A.J. Kopf, G.B. Hospodarsky, W.S. Kurth, A north-south difference in the rotation rate of auroral hiss at Saturn: Comparison to Saturn’s kilometric radio emission. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 21108 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL040774
K.C. Hansen, A.J. Ridley, G.B. Hospodarsky, N. Achilleos, M.K. Dougherty, T.I. Gombosi, G. Tóth, Global MHD simulations of Saturn’s magnetosphere at the time of Cassini approach. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 20 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022835
R.E. Hartle, E.C. Sittler, F.M. Neubauer, R.E. Johnson, H.T. Smith, F. Crary, D.J. McComas, D.T. Young, A.J. Coates, D. Simpson, S. Bolton, D. Reisenfeld, K. Szego, J.J. Berthelier, A. Rymer, J. Vilppola, J.T. Steinberg, N. Andre, Initial interpretation of Titan plasma interaction as observed by the Cassini plasma spectrometer: Comparisons with Voyager 1. Planet. Space Sci. 54, 1211–1224 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.029
S.L.G. Hess, P. Delamere, V. Dols, B. Bonfond, D. Swift, Power transmission and particle acceleration along the Io flux tube. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 06205 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014928
T.W. Hill, Interchange stability of a rapidly rotating magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 24, 1151–1154 (1976)
T.W. Hill, Inertial limit on corotation. J. Geophys. Res. 25, 6554–6558 (1979)
T.W. Hill, Effect of the acceleration current on the centrifugal interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A03214 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011338
T.W. Hill, A.J. Dessler, L.J. Maher, Corotating magnetospheric convection. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9020–9028 (1981). doi:10.1029/JA086iA11p09020
T.W. Hill, A.M. Rymer, J.L. Burch, F.J. Crary, D.T. Young, M.F. Thomsen, D. Delapp, N. André, A.J. Coates, G.R. Lewis, Evidence for rotationally driven plasma transport in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 14 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022620
T.W. Hill, M.F. Thomsen, M.G. Henderson, R.L. Tokar, A.J. Coates, H.J. McAndrews, G.R. Lewis, D.G. Mitchell, C.M. Jackman, C.T. Russell, M.K. Dougherty, F.J. Crary, D.T. Young, Plasmoids in Saturn’s magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 1214 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012626
T.W. Hill, A.J. Dessler, C.K. Goertz, Magnetospheric models, ed. by A.J. Dessler 1983, pp. 353–394
T.S. Huang, T.W. Hill, Drift wave instability in the Io plasma torus. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 14075 (1991). doi:10.1029/91JA01170
D.E. Huddleston, R.J. Strangeway, J. Warnecke, C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, F. Bagenal, Ion cyclotron waves in the Io torus during the Galileo encounter: Warm plasma dispersion analysis. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2143 (1997). doi:10.1029/97GL01203
D.E. Huddleston, R.J. Strangeway, J. Warnecke, C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, Ion cyclotron waves in the Io torus: Wave dispersion, free energy analysis, and \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}^{+}\) source rate estimates. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19887–19900 (1998). doi:10.1029/97JE03557
D.E. Huddleston, R.J. Strangeway, X. Blanco-Cano, C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, Mirror-mode structures at the Galileo-Io flyby: Instability criterion and dispersion analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 17479–17490 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900195
G. Ioaniddis, N. Brice, Plasma densities in the Jovian magnetosphere: plasma slingshot or Maxwell demon? Icarus 14, 360–373 (1971). doi:10.1016/0019-1035(71)90007-8
C.M. Jackman, C.S. Arridge, Solar cycle effects on the dynamics of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetospheres. Solar Phys. 274(1–2), 481–502 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9748-z
C.M. Jackman, L. Lamy, M.P. Freeman, P. Zarka, B. Cecconi, W.S. Kurth, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, On the character and distribution of lower-frequency radio emissions at Saturn and their relationship to substorm-like events. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 8211 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013997
X. Jia, K.C. Hansen, T.I. Gombosi, M.G. Kivelson, G. Tóth, D.L. DeZeeuw, A.J. Ridley, Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere: A global MHD simulation. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 5225 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012JA017575
R.E. Johnson, H.T. Smith, O.J. Tucker, M. Liu, M.H. Burger, E.C. Sittler, R.L. Tokar, The Enceladus and OH Tori at Saturn. Astrophys. J. Lett. 644, 137–139 (2006). doi:10.1086/505750
S.P. Joy, M.G. Kivelson, R.J. Walker, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, T. Ogino, Probabilistic models of the Jovian magnetopause and bow shock locations. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1309 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA009146
K. Kabin, M.R. Combi, T.I. Gombosi, D.L. DeZeeuw, K.C. Hansen, K.G. Powell, Io’s magnetospheric interaction: an MHD model with day-night asymmetry. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 337–344 (2001)
S.J. Kanani, C.S. Arridge, G.H. Jones, A.N. Fazakerley, H.J. McAndrews, N. Sergis, S.M. Krimigis, M.K. Dougherty, A.J. Coates, D.T. Young, K.C. Hansen, N. Krupp, A new form of Saturn’s magnetopause using a dynamic pressure balance model, based on in situ, multi-instrument Cassini measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 6207 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014262
M. Kane, D.G. Mitchell, J.F. Carbary, S.M. Krimigis, F.J. Crary, Plasma convection in Saturn’s outer magnetosphere determined from ions detected by the Cassini INCA experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 4102 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007GL032342
S. Kellett, C.S. Arridge, E.J. Bunce, A.J. Coates, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, A.M. Persoon, N. Sergis, R.J. Wilson, Nature of the ring current in Saturn’s dayside magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 8201 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015146
S. Kellett, C.S. Arridge, E.J. Bunce, A.J. Coates, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, A.M. Persoon, N. Sergis, R.J. Wilson, Saturn’s ring current: Local time dependence and temporal variability. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 5220 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016216
T.J. Kennelly, J.S. Leisner, G.B. Hospodarsky, D.A. Gurnett, Ordering of injection events within Saturnian SLS longitude and local time. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 832–838 (2013). doi:10.1002/jgra.50152
K. Khurana, M. Kivelson, M. Volwerk, The interactions of Europa and Callisto with the magnetosphere of Jupiter, in 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. COSPAR Meeting, vol. 34 (2002)
K.K. Khurana, M.K. Dougherty, C.T. Russell, J.S. Leisner, Mass loading of Saturn’s magnetosphere near Enceladus. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 8203 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012110
K.K. Khurana, X. Jia, M.G. Kivelson, F. Nimmo, G. Schubert, C.T. Russell, Evidence of a global magma ocean in Io’s interior. Science 332, 1186 (2011). doi:10.1126/science.1201425
A. Kidder, R.M. Winglee, E.M. Harnett, Regulation of the centrifugal interchange cycle in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 2205 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013100
A. Kidder, C.S. Paty, R.M. Winglee, E.M. Harnett, External triggering of plasmoid development at Saturn. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 7206 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012JA017625
M.G. Kivelson, D.J. Southwood, Dynamical consequences of two modes of centrifugal instability in Jupiter’s outer magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 110, 12209 (2005)
M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, R.J. Walker, J. Warnecke, C.T. Russell, J.A. Linker, D.J. Southwood, C. Polanskey, Io’s interaction with the plasma torus: Galileo magnetometer report. Science 274, 396–398 (1996). doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.396
M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, R.J. Walker, P.J. Coleman, F.V. Coroniti, J. Green, S. Joy, R.L. McPherron, C. Polanskey, D.J. Southwood, L. Bennett, J. Warnecke, D.E. Huddleston, Galileo at Jupiter—changing states of the magnetosphere and first looks at Io and Ganymede. Adv. Space Res. 20, 193–204 (1997a). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00533-4
M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, R.J. Walker, Intermittent short-duration magnetic field anomalies in the Io torus: Evidence for plasma interchange? Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2127 (1997b). doi:10.1029/97GL02202
A. Kopp, W.-H. Ip, Asymmetric mass loading effect at Titan’s ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 8323–8332 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA900140
H. Kriegel, S. Simon, U. Motschmann, J. Saur, F.M. Neubauer, A.M. Persoon, M.K. Dougherty, D.A. Gurnett, Influence of negatively charged plume grains on the structure of Enceladus’ Alfvén wings: Hybrid simulations versus Cassini Magnetometer data. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 10223 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA016842
S.M. Krimigis, D.G. Mitchell, D.C. Hamilton, N. Krupp, S. Livi, E.C. Roelof, J. Dandouras, T.P. Armstrong, B.H. Mauk, C. Paranicas, P.C. Brandt, S. Bolton, A.F. Cheng, T. Choo, G. Gloeckler, J. Hayes, K.C. Hsieh, W.-H. Ip, S. Jaskulek, E.P. Keath, E. Kirsch, M. Kusterer, A. Lagg, L.J. Lanzerotti, D. LaVallee, J. Manweiler, R.W. McEntire, W. Rasmuss, J. Saur, F.S. Turner, D.J. Williams, J. Woch, Dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere from MIMI during Cassini’s orbital insertion. Science 307, 1270–1273 (2005). doi:10.1126/science.1105978
W.S. Kurth, T.F. Averkamp, et al., An update to a Saturnian longitude system based on kilometric radio emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 05222 (2008)
L. Lamy, Variability of southern and northern periodicities of Saturn Kilometric Radiation, in Planetary, Solar and Heliospheric Radio Emissions (PRE VII) (2011), pp. 38–50
L. Lamy, R. Prangé, W. Pryor, J. Gustin, S.V. Badman, H. Melin, T. Stallard, D.G. Mitchell, P.C. Brandt, Multispectral simultaneous diagnosis of Saturn’s aurorae throughout a planetary rotation. J. Geophys. Res. 118 (2013). doi:10.1002/jgra.50404.
A.J. Lazarus, R.L. McNutt Jr., Low-energy plasma ion observations in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8831–8846 (1983). doi:10.1029/JA088iA11p08831
S.A. Ledvina, S.H. Brecht, J.G. Luhmann, Ion distributions of 14 amu pickup ions associated with Titan’s plasma interaction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 17 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004GL019861
J.S. Leisner, C.T. Russell, K.K. Khurana, M.K. Dougherty, N. André, Warm flux tubes in the E-ring plasma torus: Initial Cassini magnetometer observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 14 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022652
J.S. Leisner, C.T. Russell, M.K. Dougherty, X. Blanco-Cano, R.J. Strangeway, C. Bertucci, Ion cyclotron waves in Saturn’s E ring: Initial Cassini observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, 11101 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005GL024875
J.S. Leisner, C.T. Russell, H.Y. Wei, M.K. Dougherty, Probing Saturn’s ion cyclotron waves on high-inclination orbits: Lessons for wave generation. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 9235 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA016555
E. Lellouch, M.A. McGrath, K.L. Jessup, Io’s atmosphere, ed. by R.M.C. Lopes, J.R. Spencer. Io After Galileo. A New View of Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon. Springer Praxis Books/Geophysical Sciences (Springer, Berlin, 2007), pp. 231–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48841-5_10
B. Levitt, D. Maslovsky, M.E. Mauel, Observation of centrifugally driven interchange instabilities in a plasma confined by a magnetic dipole. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 175002 (2005a). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.175002
B. Levitt, D. Maslovsky, M.E. Mauel, J. Waksman, Excitation of the centrifugally driven interchange instability in a plasma confined by a magnetic dipolea). Phys. Plasmas 12(5), 055703 (2005b). doi:10.1063/1.1888685
J.A. Linker, K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, R.J. Walker, MHD simulations of Io’s interaction with the plasma torus. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19867 (1998)
A.S. Lipatov, M.R. Combi, Effects of kinetic processes in shaping Io’s global plasma environment: A 3D hybrid model. Icarus 180, 412–427 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.08.012
X. Liu, T.W. Hill, Effects of finite plasma pressure on centrifugally driven convection in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 7216 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012JA017827
X. Liu, T.W. Hill, R.A. Wolf, S. Sazykin, R.W. Spiro, H. Wu, Numerical simulation of plasma transport in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere using the Rice Convection Model. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 12254 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010JA015859
P. Louarn, A. Roux, S. Perraut, W. Kurth, D. Gurnett, A study of the large-scale dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere using the Galileo Plasma Wave Experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2905–2908 (1998). doi:10.1029/98GL01774
P. Louarn, A. Roux, S. Perraut, W.S. Kurth, D.A. Gurnett, A study of the Jovian “energetic magnetospheric events” observed by Galileo: role in the radial plasma transport. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 13073–13088 (2000). doi:10.1029/1999JA900478
P. Louarn, B.H. Mauk, M.G. Kivelson, W.S. Kurth, A. Roux, C. Zimmer, D.A. Gurnett, D.J. Williams, A multi-instrument study of a Jovian magnetospheric disturbance. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29883–29898 (2001). doi:10.1029/2001JA900067
Y.-J. Ma, A.F. Nagy, T.E. Cravens, I.V. Sokolov, J. Clark, K.C. Hansen, 3-D global MHD model prediction for the first close flyby of Titan by Cassini. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 22803 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004GL021215
H.R. Martens, D.B. Reisenfeld, J.D. Williams, R.E. Johnson, H.T. Smith, Observations of molecular oxygen ions in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 20103 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL035433
B.H. Mauk, S.A. Gary, M. Kane, E.P. Keath, S.M. Krimigis, T.P. Armstrong, Hot plasma parameters of Jupiter’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 7685–7696 (1996). doi:10.1029/96JA00006
B.H. Mauk, D.J. Williams, R.W. McEntire, Energy-time dispersed charged particle signatures of dynamic injections in Jupiter’s inner magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2949–2952 (1997). doi:10.1029/97GL03026
B.H. Mauk, R.W. McEntire, D.J. Williams, A. Lagg, E.C. Roelof, S.M. Krimigis, T.P. Armstrong, T.A. Fritz, L.J. Lanzerotti, J.G. Roederer, B. Wilken, Galileo-measured depletion of near-Io hot ring current plasmas since the Voyager epoch. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4715 (1998). doi:10.1029/97JA02343
B.H. Mauk, D.J. Williams, R.W. McEntire, K.K. Khurana, J.G. Roederer, Storm-like dynamics of Jupiter’s inner and middle magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 22759–22778 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900097
B.H. Mauk, J.T. Clarke, D. Grodent, J.H. Waite, C.P. Paranicas, D.J. Williams, Transient aurora on Jupiter from injections of magnetospheric electrons. Nature 415, 1003–1005 (2002)
B.H. Mauk, J. Saur, D.G. Mitchell, E.C. Roelof, P.C. Brandt, T.P. Armstrong, D.C. Hamilton, S.M. Krimigis, N. Krupp, S.A. Livi, J.W. Manweiler, C.P. Paranicas, Energetic particle injections in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 14 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022485
B.H. Mauk, D.C. Hamilton, T.W. Hill, G.B. Hospodarsky, R.E. Johnson, C. Paranicas, E. Roussos, C.T. Russell, D.E. Shemansky, E.C. Sittler, R.M. Thorne, Fundamental plasma processes in Saturn’s magnetosphere, in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens, ed. by M.K. Dougherty, L.W. Esposito, S.M. Krimigis (Springer, Berlin, 2009), p. 281. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_11
S. Maurice, M. Blanc, R. Prangé, E.C. Sittler, The magnetic-field-aligned polarization electric field and its effects on particle distribution in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Planet. Space Sci. 45, 1449–1465 (1997)
M.A. McGrath, E. Lellouch, D.F. Strobel, P.D. Feldman, R.E. Johnson, Satellite atmospheres, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (2004), pp. 457–483
R.L. McNutt, J.W. Belcher, H.S. Bridge, Positive ion observations in the middle magnetosphere of Jupiter. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8319–8342 (1981). doi:10.1029/JA086iA10p08319
R.L. Melrose, Rotational effects on the distribution of thermal plasma in the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Planet. Space Sci. 15, 381–393 (1967). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(67)90202-4
J.D. Menietti, J.B. Groene, T.F. Averkamp, G.B. Hospodarsky, W.S. Kurth, D.A. Gurnett, P. Zarka, Influence of Saturnian moons on Saturn kilometric radiation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 8211 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012331
D.G. Mitchell, S.M. Krimigis, C. Paranicas, P.C. Brandt, J.F. Carbary, E.C. Roelof, W.S. Kurth, D.A. Gurnett, J.T. Clarke, J.D. Nichols, J.-C. Gérard, D.C. Grodent, M.K. Dougherty, W.R. Pryor, Recurrent energization of plasma in the midnight-to-dawn quadrant of Saturn’s magnetosphere, and its relationship to auroral UV and radio emissions. Planet. Space Sci. 57, 1732–1742 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.002
D.G. Mitchell, P.C. Brandt, J.F. Carbary, W.S. Kurth, S.M. Krimigis, C. Paranicas, N. Krupp, D.C. Hamilton, B.H. Mauk, G.B. Hospodarsky, M.K. Dougherty, W.R. Pryor, Injection, interchange and reconnection: Energetic particle observations in Saturn’s magnetotail, in Magnetotails in the Solar System. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series (2015)
A.F. Nagy, Y. Liu, K.C. Hansen, K. Kabin, T.I. Gombosi, M.R. Combi, D.L. DeZeeuw, K.G. Powell, A.J. Kliore, The interaction between the magnetosphere of Saturn and Titan’s ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 6151–6160 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA000183
W.A. Newcomb, Convective instability induced by gravity in a plasma with a frozen-in magnetic field. Phys. Fluids 4, 391–396 (1961). doi:10.1063/1.1706342
J. Nichols, S. Cowley, Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling currents in Jupiter’s middle magnetosphere: effect of precipitation-induced enhancement of the ionospheric Pedersen conductivity. Ann. Geophys. 22, 1799–1827 (2004). doi:10.5194/angeo-22-1799-2004
C. Paranicas, D.G. Mitchell, E.C. Roelof, P.C. Brandt, D.J. Williams, S.M. Krimigis, B.H. Mauk, Periodic intensity variations in global ENA images of Saturn. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 21101 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL023656
C. Paranicas, D.G. Mitchell, E.C. Roelof, B.H. Mauk, S.M. Krimigis, P.C. Brandt, M. Kusterer, F.S. Turner, J. Vandegriff, N. Krupp, Energetic electrons injected into Saturn’s neutral gas cloud. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 2109 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006GL028676
D.H. Pontius Jr., T.W. Hill, Rotation driven plasma transport—the coupling of macroscopic motion and microdiffusion. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 15041–15053 (1989). doi:10.1029/JA094iA11p15041
D.H. Pontius Jr., T.W. Hill, M.E. Rassbach, Steady state plasma transport in a corotation-dominated magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1097–1100 (1986). doi:10.1029/GL013i011p01097
D.H. Pontius, T.W. Hill, Plasma mass loading from the extended neutral gas torus of Enceladus as inferred from the observed plasma corotation lag. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 23103 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL041030
D.H. Pontius, R.A. Wolf, T.W. Hill, R.W. Spiro, Y.S. Yang, W.H. Smyth, Velocity shear impoundment of the Io plasma torus. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19935–19946 (1998). doi:10.1029/98JE00538
W.R. Pryor, A.M. Rymer, D.G. Mitchell, T.W. Hill, D.T. Young, J. Saur, G.H. Jones, S. Jacobsen, S.W.H. Cowley, B.H. Mauk, A.J. Coates, J. Gustin, D. Grodent, J.-C. Gérard, L. Lamy, J.D. Nichols, S.M. Krimigis, L.W. Esposito, M.K. Dougherty, A.J. Jouchoux, A.I.F. Stewart, W.E. McClintock, G.M. Holsclaw, J.M. Ajello, J.E. Colwell, A.R. Hendrix, F.J. Crary, J.T. Clarke, X. Zhou, The auroral footprint of Enceladus on Saturn. Nature 472, 331–333 (2011). doi:10.1038/nature09928
M. Rodriguez-Martinez, X. Blanco-Cano, C. Russell, J.S. Leisner, M.M. Cowee, M.K. Dougherty, Harmonic growth of ion cyclotron waves in Saturn’s Magnetosphere, in 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. COSPAR Meeting, vol. 37 (2008), p. 2638
M. Rodríguez-Martínez, X. Blanco-Cano, C.T. Russell, J.S. Leisner, R.J. Wilson, M.K. Dougherty, Harmonic growth of ion-cyclotron waves in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 9207 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015000
A. Runov, V. Angelopoulos, X.-Z. Zhou, X.-J. Zhang, S. Li, F. Plaschke, J. Bonnell, A THEMIS multicase study of dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail plasma sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 5216 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016316
C.T. Russell, D.E. Huddleston, Ion-cyclotron waves at Io. Adv. Space Res. 26, 1505–1511 (2000)
C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, Detection of SO in Io’s exosphere. Science 287, 1998–1999 (2000). doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.1998
C.T. Russell, D.E. Huddleston, R.J. Strangeway, X. Blanco-Cano, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, L.A. Frank, W. Paterson, D.A. Gurnett, W.S. Kurth, Mirror-mode structures at the Galileo-Io flyby: Observations. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 17471–17478 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900202
C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, D.E. Huddleston, Circulation and dynamics in the Jovian magnetosphere. Adv. Space Res. 26, 1671–1676 (2000). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(00)00115-0
C.T. Russell, Y.L. Wang, X. Blanco-Cano, R.J. Strangeway, The Io mass-loading disk: Constraints provided by ion cyclotron wave observations. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 26233–26242 (2001). doi:10.1029/2001JA900029
C.T. Russell, X. Blanco-Cano, M.G. Kivelson, Ion cyclotron waves in Io’s wake region. Planet. Space Sci. 51, 233–238 (2003a). doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00198-8
C.T. Russell, X. Blanco-Cano, Y.L. Wang, M.G. Kivelson, Ion cyclotron waves at Io: implications for the temporal variation of Io’s atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 51, 937–944 (2003b). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.05.005
C.T. Russell, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, Statistics of depleted flux tubes in the Jovian magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 53, 937–943 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.04.007
C.T. Russell, J.S. Leisner, C.S. Arridge, M.K. Dougherty, X. Blanco-Cano, Nature of magnetic fluctuations in Saturn’s middle magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 12205 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JA011921
A.M. Rymer, B.H. Mauk, T.W. Hill, C. Paranicas, N. André, E.C. Sittler, D.G. Mitchell, H.T. Smith, R.E. Johnson, A.J. Coates, D.T. Young, S.J. Bolton, M.F. Thomsen, M.K. Dougherty, Electron sources in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 2201 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012017
A.M. Rymer, B.H. Mauk, T.W. Hill, C. Paranicas, D.G. Mitchell, A.J. Coates, D.T. Young, Electron circulation in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 1201 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012589
A.M. Rymer, B.H. Mauk, T.W. Hill, N. André, D.G. Mitchell, C. Paranicas, D.T. Young, H.T. Smith, A.M. Persoon, J.D. Menietti, G.B. Hospodarsky, A.J. Coates, M.K. Dougherty, Cassini evidence for rapid interchange transport at Saturn. Planet. Space Sci. 57, 1779–1784 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.010
J. Saur, D.F. Strobel, F.M. Neubauer, Interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with Europa: Constraints on the neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19947–19962 (1998). doi:10.1029/97JE03556
J. Saur, F.M. Neubauer, D.F. Strobel, M.E. Summers, Three-dimensional plasma simulation of Io’s interaction with the Io plasma torus: Asymmetric plasma flow. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 25105–25126 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JA900304
J. Saur, F.M. Neubauer, D.F. Strobel, M.E. Summers, Interpretation of Galileo’s Io plasma and field observations: I0, I24, and I27 flybys and close polar passes. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1422 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA005067
J. Saur, F.M. Neubauer, J.E.P. Connerney, P. Zarka, M.G. Kivelson, Plasma interaction of Io with its plasma torus, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (2004), pp. 537–560
P. Schippers, M. Blanc, N. André, I. Dandouras, G.R. Lewis, L.K. Gilbert, A.M. Persoon, N. Krupp, D.A. Gurnett, A.J. Coates, S.M. Krimigis, D.T. Young, M.K. Dougherty, Multi-instrument analysis of electron populations in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 7208 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013098
M. Schulz, Jupiter’s radiation belts. Space Sci. Rev. 23, 277–318 (1979). doi:10.1007/BF00173813
N. Sergis, S.M. Krimigis, D.G. Mitchell, D.C. Hamilton, N. Krupp, B.M. Mauk, E.C. Roelof, M. Dougherty, Ring current at Saturn: Energetic particle pressure in Saturn’s equatorial magnetosphere measured with Cassini/MIMI. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 09102 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006GL029223
D.E. Shemansky, Energy branching in the Io plasma torus: The failure of neutral cloud theory. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1773 (1988)
S. Simon, G. Kleindienst, A. Boesswetter, T. Bagdonat, U. Motschmann, K.-H. Glassmeier, J. Schuele, C. Bertucci, M.K. Dougherty, Hybrid simulation of Titan’s magnetic field signature during the Cassini T9 flyby. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 24 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL029967
G.L. Siscoe, A. Eviatar, R.M. Thorne, J.D. Richardson, F. Bagenal, J.D. Sullivan, Ring current impoundment of the Io plasma torus. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8480–8484 (1981). doi:10.1029/JA086iA10p08480
E.C. Sittler, M. Thomsen, R.E. Johnson, R.E. Hartle, M. Burger, D. Chornay, M.D. Shappirio, D. Simpson, H.T. Smith, A.J. Coates, A.M. Rymer, D.J. McComas, D.T. Young, D. Reisenfeld, M. Dougherty, N. Andre, Erratum to “Cassini observations of Saturn’s inner plasmasphere: Saturn orbit insertion results”. [Planetary and Space Science 54 (2006) 1197–1210]. Planet. Space Sci. 55, 2218–2220 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.11.022
E.C. Sittler, N. Andre, M. Blanc, M. Burger, R.E. Johnson, A. Coates, A. Rymer, D. Reisenfeld, M.F. Thomsen, A. Persoon, M. Dougherty, H.T. Smith, R.A. Baragiola, R.E. Hartle, D. Chornay, M.D. Shappirio, D. Simpson, D.J. McComas, D.T. Young, Ion and neutral sources and sinks within Saturn’s inner magnetosphere: Cassini results. Planet. Space Sci. 56, 3–18 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.06.006
T.E. Skinner, S.T. Durrance, Neutral oxygen and sulfur densities in the Io torus. Astrophys. J. 310, 966–971 (1986). doi:10.1086/164747
C.G.A. Smith, A.D. Aylward, Coupled rotational dynamics of Jupiter’s thermosphere and magnetosphere. Ann. Geophys. 27, 199–230 (2009)
E.J. Smith, B.T. Tsurutani, Saturn’s magnetosphere—observations of ion cyclotron waves near the Dione L shell. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 7831–7836 (1983). doi:10.1029/JA088iA10p07831
W.H. Smyth, M.L. Marconi, Nature of the Iogenic plasma source in Jupiter’s magnetosphere I. Circumplanetary distribution. Icarus 166(1), 85–106 (2003)
D. Snowden, R. Winglee, C. Bertucci, M. Dougherty, Three-dimensional multifluid simulation of the plasma interaction at Titan. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 12221 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012393
D. Snowden, R. Winglee, A. Kidder, Titan at the edge: 1. Titan’s interaction with Saturn’s magnetosphere in the prenoon sector. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 8229 (2011a). doi:10.1029/2011JA016435
D. Snowden, R. Winglee, A. Kidder, Titan at the edge: 2. A global simulation of Titan exiting and reentering Saturn’s magnetosphere at 13:16 Saturn local time. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 8230 (2011b). doi:10.1029/2011JA016436
D.J. Southwood, M.G. Kivelson, Magnetospheric interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 109–116 (1987). doi:10.1029/JA092iA01p00109
D.J. Southwood, M.G. Kivelson, Magnetospheric interchange motions. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 299–308 (1989)
D.J. Southwood, M.G. Kivelson, A new perspective concerning the influence of the solar wind on the Jovian magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 6123–6130 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA000236
K. Szego, Z. Bebesi, G. Erdos, L. Foldy, F. Crary, D.J. McComas, D.T. Young, S. Bolton, A.J. Coates, A.M. Rymer, R.E. Hartle, E.C. Sittler, D. Reisenfeld, J.J. Bethelier, R.E. Johnson, H.T. Smith, T.W. Hill, J. Vilppola, J. Steinberg, N. Andre, The global plasma environment of Titan as observed by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during the first two close encounters with Titan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 20 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL022646
N. Thomas, F. Bagenal, T.W. Hill, J.K. Wilson, The Io neutral clouds and plasma torus, in Jupiter. The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere, ed. by F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W.B. McKinnon (2004), pp. 561–591
M.F. Thomsen, D.B. Reisenfeld, D.M. Delapp, R.L. Tokar, D.T. Young, F.J. Crary, E.C. Sittler, M.A. McGraw, J.D. Williams, Survey of ion plasma parameters in Saturn’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 10220 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010JA015267
M.F. Thomsen, E. Roussos, M. Andriopoulou, P. Kollmann, C.S. Arridge, C.P. Paranicas, D.A. Gurnett, R.L. Powell, R.L. Tokar, D.T. Young, Saturn’s inner magnetospheric convection pattern: Further evidence. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 9208 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011JA017482
R.M. Thorne, Radiation belt dynamics: The importance of wave-particle interactions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 22107 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010GL044990
R.M. Thorne, T.P. Armstrong, S. Stone, D.J. Williams, R.W. McEntire, S.J. Bolton, D.A. Gurnett, M.G. Kivelson, Galileo evidence for rapid interchange transport in the Io torus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2131 (1997). doi:10.1029/97GL01788
R.L. Tokar, R.E. Johnson, T.W. Hill, D.H. Pontius, W.S. Kurth, F.J. Crary, D.T. Young, M.F. Thomsen, D.B. Reisenfeld, A.J. Coates, G.R. Lewis, E.C. Sittler, D.A. Gurnett, The interaction of the atmosphere of Enceladus with Saturn’s plasma. Science 311, 1409–1412 (2006). doi:10.1126/science.1121061
R.L. Tokar, R.J. Wilson, R.E. Johnson, M.G. Henderson, M.F. Thomsen, M.M. Cowee, E.C. Sittler, D.T. Young, F.J. Crary, H.J. McAndrews, H.T. Smith, Cassini detection of water-group pick-up ions in the Enceladus torus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 14202 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL034749
V.M. Vasyliūnas, Mathematical models of magnetospheric convection and its coupling to the ionosphere, in Particles and Field in the Magnetosphere, ed. by B.M. McCormack, A. Renzini. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 17 (1970), p. 60
V.M. Vasyliūnas, Plasma distribution and flow, in Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere, ed. by A.J. Dessler (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1983), pp. 395–453. ISBN 0521520061 (paperback)
V.M. Vasyliūnas, Physical origin of pickup currents, in European Planetary Science Congress (2006)
V.M. Vasyliūnas, Comparing Jupiter and Saturn: dimensionless input rates from plasma sources within the magnetosphere. Ann. Geophys. 26, 1341–1343 (2008)
V.M. Vasyliūnas, D.H. Pontius, Rotationally driven interchange instability: Reply to André and Ferrière. J. Geophys. Res. 112(A10), A10204 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012457
M. Volwerk, K.K. Khurana, Ion pick-up near the icy Galilean satellites, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, ed. by J. Le Roux, G.P. Zank, A.J. Coates, V. Florinski. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 1302 (2010), pp. 263–269. doi:10.1063/1.3529982
M. Volwerk, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, Wave activity in Europa’s wake: Implications for ion pickup. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 26033–26048 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA000347
J.H. Waite, M.R. Combi, W.-H. Ip, T.E. Cravens, R.L. McNutt, W. Kasprzak, R. Yelle, J. Luhmann, H. Niemann, D. Gell, B. Magee, G. Fletcher, J. Lunine, W.-L. Tseng, Cassini ion and neutral mass spectrometer: Enceladus plume composition and structure. Science 311, 1419–1422 (2006). doi:10.1126/science.1121290
M. Walt, Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series, vol. 10 (1994)
Y. Wang, C.T. Russell, J. Raeder, The Io mass-loading disk: Model calculations. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 26243–26260 (2001). doi:10.1029/2001JA900062
J. Warnecke, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, D.E. Huddleston, C.T. Russell, Ion cyclotron waves observed at Galileo’s Io encounter: Implications for neutral cloud distribution and plasma composition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2139 (1997). doi:10.1029/97GL01129
D.J. Williams, B. Mauk, R.E. McEntire, E.C. Roelof, S.M. Krimigis, T.P. Armstrong, B. Wilken, J.G. Roederer, T.A. Fritz, L.J. Lanzerotti, Energetic electron beams measured at Io. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28, 1055 (1996)
R.J. Wilson, R.L. Tokar, M.G. Henderson, T.W. Hill, M.F. Thomsen, D.H. Pontius, Cassini plasma spectrometer thermal ion measurements in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 12218 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013486
R.M. Winglee, D. Snowden, A. Kidder, Modification of Titan’s ion tail and the Kronian magnetosphere: Coupled magnetospheric simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 5215 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013343
R.M. Winglee, A. Kidder, E. Harnett, N. Ifland, C. Paty, D. Snowden, Generation of periodic signatures at Saturn through Titan’s interaction with the centrifugal interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 4253–4269 (2013). doi:10.1002/jgra.50397
R.A. Wolf, Computer model of inner magnetospheric convection, in Solar-Terrestrial Physics: Principles and Theoretical Foundations, ed. by R.L. Carovillano, J.M. Forbes. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 104 (1983), p. 342
M.C. Wong, W.H. Smyth, Model calculations for Io’s atmosphere at Eastern and Western elongations. Icarus 146, 60–74 (2000). doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6362
H. Wu, T.W. Hill, R.A. Wolf, R.W. Spiro, Numerical simulation of fine structure in the Io plasma torus produced by the centrifugal interchange instability. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 2206 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012032
Y.S. Yang, R.A. Wolf, R.W. Spiro, A.J. Dessler, Numerical simulation of plasma transport driven by the Io torus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 957–960 (1992). doi:10.1029/92GL01031
Y.S. Yang, R.A. Wolf, R.W. Spiro, T.W. Hill, A.J. Dessler, Numerical simulation of torus-driven plasma transport in the Jovian magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8755–8770 (1994). doi:10.1029/94JA00142
J.N. Yates, N. Achilleos, P. Guio, Influence of upstream solar wind on thermospheric flows at Jupiter. Planet. Space Sci. 61, 15–31 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.08.007
D.T. Young, J.J. Berthelier, M. Blanc, J.L. Burch, A.J. Coates, R. Goldstein, M. Grande, T.W. Hill, R.E. Johnson, V. Kelha, D.J. McComas, E.C. Sittler, K.R. Svenes, K. Szegö, P. Tanskanen, K. Ahola, D. Anderson, S. Bakshi, R.A. Baragiola, B.L. Barraclough, R.K. Black, S. Bolton, T. Booker, R. Bowman, P. Casey, F.J. Crary, D. Delapp, G. Dirks, N. Eaker, H. Funsten, J.D. Furman, J.T. Gosling, H. Hannula, C. Holmlund, H. Huomo, J.M. Illiano, P. Jensen, M.A. Johnson, D.R. Linder, T. Luntama, S. Maurice, K.P. McCabe, K. Mursula, B.T. Narheim, J.E. Nordholt, A. Preece, J. Rudzki, A. Ruitberg, K. Smith, S. Szalai, M.F. Thomsen, K. Viherkanto, J. Vilppola, T. Vollmer, T.E. Wahl, M. Wüest, T. Ylikorpi, C. Zinsmeyer, Cassini plasma spectrometer investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 114, 1–4 (2004). doi:10.1007/s11214-004-1406-4
B. Zieger, K.C. Hansen, T.I. Gombosi, D.L. De Zeeuw, Periodic plasma escape from the mass-loaded Kronian magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 8208 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014951
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Achilleos, N., André, N., Blanco-Cano, X., Brandt, P.C., Delamere, P.A., Winglee, R. (2016). Transport of Mass, Momentum and Energy in Planetary Magnetodisc Regions. In: Szego, K., et al. The Magnetodiscs and Aurorae of Giant Planets. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 50. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3395-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3395-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3394-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3395-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)