Abstract
Nocardiosis, one of the most systemic and devastating diseases, is currently emerging as an important disease of cultured marine and freshwater fishes. The causative agent of this disease is Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive acid-fast bacterium. An effective vaccine/vaccination strategy against this pathogen is necessary to control the significant loss in aquaculture practices. In this chapter, we present the vaccination/immunization protocol in fish against both live (sublethal) and inactivated form of N. seriolae using ginbuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) as a model. N. seriolae either in live (sublethal) form or inactivated antigenic form is found to elevate immunity in ginbuna and also can induce protective immunity upon challenge. In order to develop live vaccine, determination of sublethal dose is critical and needs to be established in the host fish species through pathogenicity and persistence studies. Herein for ginbuna, a sublethal dose of 106 CFU/mL was determined by pathogenicity study through a series of challenge doses followed by pathogen persistence study by microbiological and molecular techniques. On the other hand, for inactivated antigenic form, the concentration of the N. seriolae was approximately 108 CFU/mL. Although this study showed significant potential of both the forms of N. seriolae as candidate for vaccination, factors such as dose, duration and form need to be optimized in individual fish species.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kudo T, Hatai K, Seino A (1988) Nocardia seriolae sp. nov. causing nocardiosis of cultured fish. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38:173–217
Chen SC et al (2000) Nocardiosis in sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, in Taiwan. J Fish Dis 23:299–307
Wang GL, Yuan SP, Jin S (2005) Nocardiosis in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson). J Fish Dis 28:339–345
Wang GL, Xu YJ, Jin S, Zhu JL, Yuan SP (2007) Nocardiosis in snakehead, Ophiocephalus argus Cantor. Aquaculture 271:54–60
Labrie L et al (2008) Nocardial infections in fish: an emerging problem in both freshwater and marine aquaculture systems in Asia. Diseases in Asian aquaculture VI. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp 297–312
Shimahara Y, Huang YF, Tsai MA, Wang PC, Chen SC (2010) Immune response of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, to whole cells of different Nocardia seriolae strains. Fish Sci 76:489–494
Itano T, Kawakami H (2002) Drug susceptibility of recent isolates of Nocardia seriolae from cultured fish. Fish Pathol 37:152–153
Kusuda R, Nakagawa A (1978) Nocardia infection of cultured yellowtail. Fish Pathol 13:25–31 (in Japanese)
Kusuda R, Kimura K, Hamaguchi M (1989) Changes in peripheral and peritoneal leucocytes in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata immunized with Nocardia kampachi. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55:1183–1188 (in Japanese)
Shimahara Y, Yasuda H, Nakamura A, Itami T, Yoshida T (2005) Detection of antibody response against Nocardia seriolae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a preliminary vaccine trial in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 25:270–275
Itano T, Kawakami H, Kono T, Sakai M (2006) Detection of fish nocardiosis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Appl Microbiol 100:1381–1387
Itano T, Kawakami H, Kono T, Sakai M (2006) Live vaccine trials against nocardiosis in yellowtail Seriolae quinqueradiata. Aquaculture 261:1175–1180
Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH, Evans JJ, Arias CR (2009) Use of modified live vaccines in aquaculture. J World Aquacul Soc 40:573–584
Nayak SK, Shibasaki Y, Nakanishi T (2014) Immune responses to live and inactivated Nocardia seriolae and protective effect of recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN γ) against nocardiosis in ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 39:354–364
Toda H, Yabu T, Shiba H, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T (2011) Evaluating antigen-specific cytotoxicity of CD8+T cells in fish by granzyme B-like activity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 141:168–172
Somamoto T et al (2006) Expression profiles of TCR β and CD8α mRNA correlate with virus-specific cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in ginbuna crucian carp. Virology 248:370–377
Takizawa F et al (2008) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of T-bet in ginbuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii). Mol Immunol 45:127–136
Acknowledgement
This work was supported in part by a postdoctoral fellowship for Dr. Sukanta Kumar Nayak (ID No.: P 09118) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Nayak, S.K., Nakanishi, T. (2016). Development of Vaccines Against Nocardiosis in Fishes. In: Thomas, S. (eds) Vaccine Design. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1404. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3388-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3389-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols