Abstract
The brain is organized into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and the diencephalon. The hemispheres contain the cerebral cortex and underlying white matter, and are associated with higher order functioning, including memory, cognition, and fine motor control. The basal ganglia, contained within the hemispheres, controls gross motor function. The diencephalon is much smaller than the cerebrum, contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, and is associated with relaying sensory information and controlling the autonomic nervous system. The brainstem contains the mesencephalon, pons and the medulla oblangata. The smallest segment of the brain, the mesencephalon, is located below the diencephalon and is thought to play a role in consciousness. Muscle activation, tone and equilibrium is controlled in the pons and cerebellum located below the mesencephalon, and respiratory and cardiac processes are governed by the medulla oblongata, located directly beneath the pons.
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Additional Reading
Additional Reading
Cooney, D.O. (1976) Biomedical Engineering Principles: An introduction to fluid, heat and mass transfer processes, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Provides more detailed examples in bioheat transfer and pharmacokinetics which may be useful in modeling heat and mass transfer in the brain parenchyma.
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Fung, Y.C. (1990) Biomechanics: Motion, flow, stress and growth, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Fung, Y.C. (1965) Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
These works describe both basic principles of mechanics and their specific applications in biomechanics. A review of the constitutive property relationships for biological tissues included throughout these texts may be particularly helpful for applying the material-property information listed previously.
Lih, M.L. (1975) Transport Phenomena in Medicine and Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
A concise review of the principles used in modeling the transport phenomena in several biological systems including examples of heat and mass transfer.
Nolte, J. (1988) The Human Brain, 2nd. ed., C.V. Mosby, St Louis
Provides a more detailed review of the structure and function of the different brain regions.
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Margulies, S.S., Meaney, D.F. (2016). Chapter B5 Brain Tissues. In: Murphy, W., Black, J., Hastings, G. (eds) Handbook of Biomaterial Properties. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3305-1_8
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