Abstract
Biomaterials used in the fabrication of implants are subjected to wear. Wear of biomaterials and devices has been shown to be detrimental to their long term success resulting in implant retrieval and revision. One of the most dramatic impacts of the wear of biomaterials and its consequences is observed with artificial joints. As stated by Jacobs et ai., (1994) wear has emerged as a central problem limiting the long-term longevity of total joint replacements. Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris has been shown by many authors to trigger an osteolytic reaction which leads to implant loosening (Mittlmeier and rial involving many diverse mechanisms and phenomena which are often unpredictable (Table 8.1). The wear process of materials is predominantly governed by their mechanical and/or chemical behavior. More often than not, the wear processes listed in Table 8.1 do not act independently. However, even though several wear mechanisms are involved, it is often the case that one particular mechanism dominates (Dowson, 1981).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jacobs JJ, Shanbhag A, Giant TT, Black J, Galante JO (1994) Wear debris in total joint replacements. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2:212–220
Mittlmeier T, Walter A (1987) The influence of prosthesis design on wear and loosening phenomena. CRC Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility, 3(4): 319–419
Dowson D, Wright V (1981) An Introduction to the Bio-mechanics of Joints and Joint Replacement. Dowson D. and Wright V. Editors. Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd, London, England, pp. 49–60
Suh NP (1986) Tribophysics. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp 3–11, 195–222
Jahanmir S, Suh NP (1977) Mechanics of subsurface void nucleation in delamination wear. Wear 44:17–38
Rowe CN (1980) Lubricated Wear, in CRC Handbook of Lubrication. Theory and Practice of Tribology Volume II. Booser, R.E. Editor. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press; pp. 209–225
Waterhouse RB (1992) Fretting wear. Frict Lubr Wear Technol 18:242–256
Black J (1988) Orthopaedic biomaterials in research and practice. Churchill Livingstone, NY, p 255
Stachowiak G, Batchelor AW (2014) Engineering tribology, 4th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 852 pp
Unsworth A, Dowson D, Wright V (1971) Cracking joints: a bioengineering study of cavitation in the metacarpophalangeal joint. Ann Rheum Dis 30:348–358
Williams JA (2005) Wear and wear particles—some fundamentals. Tribol Int 38:863–870
Archard JF (1980) Wear theory and mechanisms. In: Peterson MB, Winer WO (eds) Wear control handbook. ASME, New York, pp 35–80
Hornbogen E (1975) The role of fracture toughness in the wear of metals. Wear 33:251–259
Zum Gahr K-H (1982) Abrasive Wear of ductile materials. Z Metallkd 73:267–276
Hailing JA (1975) A contribution to the theory of mechanical wear. Wear 34:239–249
Quinn TFJ (1983) A review of oxidational wear. Parts I and II. Tribol Int 16(257–271):305–315
Quinn TFJ, Rowson D, Sullivan JL (1980) Application of the oxidational theory of mild wear to the sliding wear of low-alloy steel. Wear 65:1–20
Wang A (2001) A unified theory of wear for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in multi-directional sliding. Wear 248:38–47
Dowson D (1995) A comparative study of the performance of metallic and ceramic femoral head components in total replacement hip joints. Wear 90:171–183
Dowson D, El-Hady Diab MM, Gillis BJ, Atkinson JR (1985) Influence of counterface topography on the wear of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene under wet conditions. In: LeeAm L-H (ed) Polymer wear and its control. Chem. soc. symposium series no. 287, Chapter 12, pp. 171–187
Dumbleton JH (1981) Tribology of natural and artificial joints. Elsevier, New York, pp 94–103, 110–148, 183–214
Gevaert MR, LaBerge M, Gordon JM, DesJardins JD (2005) The quantification of physiologically relevant cross shear wear phenomena on orthopaedic bearing materials using a novel wear testing machine. J Tribol 127:740–749
Bragdon CR, O'Connor DO, Lowenstein JD, Jasty M, Syniuta WD (1996) The importance of multi-directional motion on the wear of polyethylene. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 210:157–165
Wang A, Stark C, Dumbleton JH (1996) Mechanistic and morphological origins of UHMWPE wear debris in total joint replacement prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 210:141–155
Sambasivan S, Fischer DA, Shen MC, Hsu SM (2004) Molecular orientation of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene induced by various sliding motions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 70:278–285
Bragdon CR, O'Connor DO, Lowenstein JD, Jasty M, Biggs SA, Harris WH (2001) A new pin-on-disk wear testing method for simulating wear of polyethylene on cobalt-chrome alloy in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 16:658–665
Hua Z, Zhang H, Fana Y, Jin Z (2014) Development of a BiotriboPOD testing methodology for the wear evaluation of orthopaedic biomaterials. RSC Adv 4:19987–19991
Joyce TJ, Vandelli C, Cartwright T, Unsworth A (2001) A comparison of the wear of cross-linked polyethylene against itself under reciprocating and multi-directional motion with different lubricants. Wear 250:206–211
Saikko V (1998) A multidirectional motion pin-on-disk wear test method for prosthetic joint materials. J Biomed Mater Res 41:58–64
Saikko V (2014) In vitro wear simulation on the RandomPOD wear testing system as a screening method for bearing materials intended for total knee arthroplasty. J Biomech 47(11):2774–2778
Toohey KS, Blanchet TA, Heckelman DD (2003) Effect of accelerated aging conditions on resultant depth-dependent oxidation and wear resistance of UHMWPE joint replacement bearing materials. Wear 255:1076–1084
Turell M, Wang A, Bellare A (2003) Quantification of the effect of cross-path motion on the wear rate of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Wear 255:1034–1039
Yao JQ, Blanchet TA, Murphy DJ, Laurent MP (2003) Effect of fluid absorption on the wear resistance of UHMWPE orthopedic bearing surfaces. Wear 255:1113–1120
McGloughlin TM, Kavanagh AG (2000) Wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in total knee prostheses: a review of key influences. Proc InstMech Eng H 214:349–359
Walker PS, Blunn GW, Lilley PA (1996) Wear testing of materials and surfaces for total knee replacement. J Biomed Mater Res 33:159–175
Dowson DB, Jobbins B (1988) Design and development of a versatile hip joint simulator and a preliminary assessment of wear and creep in Charnley total replacement hip joints. Eng Med 17:111–117
Kumar P, Oka M, Ikeuchi K, Shimizu K, Yamamuro T, Okumura H, Kotoura Y (1991) Low wear rate of UHMWPE against zirconia ceramic (Y-PSZ) in comparison to alumina ceramic and SUS 316L alloy. J Biomed Mater Res 25:813–828
McKellop H, Clarke I, Markolf K, Amstutz H (1981) Friction and wear properties of polymer, metal, and ceramic prosthetic joint materials evaluated on a multichannel screening device. J Biomed Mater Res 15:619–653
DesJardins I, Aurora A, Tanner SL, Pace TB, Acampora KB, LaBerge M (2006) Increased total knee arthroplasty ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear using a clinically relevant hyaluronic acid simulator lubricant. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 220:609–623
McKellop HA, Clarke IC, Markolf KL, Amstutz HC (1978) Wear characteristics of UHMW polyethylene: a method for accurately measuring extremely low wear rates. J Biomed Mater Res 12:895–927
Rose RM, Ries MD, Paul IL, Crugnola AM, Ellis E (1984) On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis. J Biomed Mater Res 18:207–224
Saikko V (1993) Wear and friction properties of prosthetic joint materials evaluated on a pin on flat apparatus. Wear 166:169–178
Saikko V, Ahlroos T, Calonius O, Keränen J (2001) Wear simulation of total hip prostheses with polyethylene against CoCr, alumina and diamond-like carbon. Biomaterials 22(12):1507–1514
McKellop HA, Rostlund TV (1990) The wear behavior of ion-implanted Ti-6A1-4V against UHMW polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 24:1413–1425
Miller DA, Ainsworth RD, Dumbleton JH, Page D, Miller EH, Shen C (1974) A comparative evaluation of the wear of ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene abraded by Ti-6A1-4V. Wear 28:207–216
Semlitsch M, Lehmann M, Weber H, Doerre E, Willert HG (1977) New prospects for a prolonged functional life-span of artificial hip joints by using the material combination polyethylene/aluminium oxide ceramic/metal. J Biomed Mater Res 11:537–552
Desjardins JD, Burnikel B, LaBerge M (2008) UHMWPE wear against roughened oxidized zirconium and CoCr femoral knee components during force-controlled simulation. Wear 264:245–256
Medley JB, Krygier JJ, Bobyn JD, Chan FW, Tanzer M (1995) Metal-metal bearing surfaces in the hip: investigation of factors influencing wear. Trans Orthop Res Soc 20(2):765
Chan FW, Medley JB, Krygier JJ, Bobyn JD, Podgorsak GK, Tanzer M (1996) Wear performance of cobalt–chromium metal–metal bearing surfaces for total hip arthroplasty. In: Trans. 42nd annual meeting of the orthopaedic research society, vol 21, no. 2, p. 464
Chan FW, Bobyn JD, Medley JB, Krygier JJ, Tanzer M (1999) Wear and lubrication of metal-on-metal hip implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res 369:10–24
Galante J, Rostoker W (1973) Wear in total hip prostheses. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 145:1–46
Streicher RM, Schon R, Semlitsch M (1990) Investigation of the tribological behaviour of metal-on-metal combinations for artificial hip joints. Biomed Tech 35(5):3–7
Clarke IC (1982) Wear-screening and joint simulation studies vs. materials selection and prosthesis design. CRC Crit Rev Biomed Eng 8:29–91
Scholes SC, Unsworth A (2009) Wear studies on the likely performance of CFR-PEEK/CoCrMo for use as artificial joint bearing materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20(1):163–170
Scholes SC, Unsworth A (2010) The wear performance of PEEK-OPTIMA based self-mating couples. Wear 268:380–387
Boutin P (1972) Arthroplastie total de la hanche par prothèse en alumina frittée. Rev Chir Orthop 58:229
Nevelos J, Ingham E, Doyle C, Streicher R, Nevelos A, Walter W, Fisher J (2000) Microseparation of the centers of alumina-alumina artificial hip joints during simulator testing produces clinically relevant wear rates and patterns. J Arthroplasty 15:793–795
Oonishi H, Clarke IC, Good V, Amino H, Ueno M (2004) Alumina hip joints characterized by run-in wear and steady-state wear to 14 million cycles in hip-simulator model. J Biomed Mater Res A 70A:523–532
Wroblewski BM, Siney PD, Dowson D, Collins SN (1996) Prospective clinical and joint simulator studies of a new total hip arthroplasty using alumina ceramic heads and cross-linked polyethylene cups. J Bone Joint Surg 78(2):280–285, British volume
Jin ZM, Dowson D, Fisher J (1993) Wear and friction of medical grade polyurethane sliding on smooth metal counterfaces. Wear 162–164:627–630
Auger DD, Dowson D, Fisher J, Jin MZ (1993) Friction and lubrication in cushion form bearings for artificial hip joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng 207:25–33
Auger DD, Dowson D, Fisher J (1995) Cushion form bearings for total knee joint replacement. Part 1: Design, friction, and lubrication. Proc Inst Mech Eng 209:73–81
Caravia L, Dowson D, Fisher J (1993) Start up and steady state friction of thin polyurethane layers. Wear 160:191–197
Chow AB, Medley JB, LaBerge M (1994) Mechanical and tribological analyses of elastomeric surface layers in load bearing implants. In: Trans of 20th annual meeting of the society for biomaterials, Boston, MA, p. 434
Graham RM, Joseph PF, Dooley RL, LaBerge M (1995) Effect of lubricant viscosity and bearing surface stiffness on the lubrication mechanism of a point contact as a total hip arthroplasty model. Trans Soc Biomater 23:124
LaBerge M, Kirkley S, Chow A, Medley JB, Brox WT (1991) Biotribological study of the contact elastomer-cartilage. In: Proceedings of the combined meeting of orthopaedic research societies (USA, Japan, Canada), Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 1991
Pylios T, Shepherd DET (2008) Wear of medical grade silicone rubber against titanium and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 84B:520–523
Teoh SH, Tang ZG, Ramakrishna S (1999) Development of thin elastomeric composite membranes for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 10:343–352
Suzuki S, Suzuki SH, Cox CF (1996) Evaluating the antagonistic wear of restorative materials. J Am Dent Assoc 127:74–80
Deng M, Shalaby SW (1997) Properties of self-reinforced ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene composites. Biomaterials 18:645–655
Roeder RK, Sproul MM, Turner CH (2003) Hydroxyapatite whiskers provide improved mechanical properties in reinforced polymer composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 67A:801–812
Wang M, Chandrasekaran M, Bonfield W (2002) Friction and wear of hydroxyapatite reinforced high density polyethylene against the stainless steel counterface. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13:607–611
Harsha AP, Joyce TJ (2013) Comparative wear tests of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and cross-linked polyethylene. Proc IMechE Part H J Eng Med 227:600–608
Kyomoto M, Moro T, Miyaji F, Hashimoto M, Kawaguchi H, Takatori Y, Nakamura K, Ishihara K (2009) Effects of mobility/immobility of surface modification by 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer on the durability of polyethylene for artificial joints. J Biomed Mater Res A 90A:362–371
Oral E, Christensen SD, Malhi AS, Wannomae KK, Muratoglu OK (2006) Wear resistance and mechanical properties of highly cross-linked, ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene doped with vitamin E. J Arthroplasty 21:580–591
Agrawal CM, Micallef DM, Wirth MA, Lankford J, Dearnaley G, McCabe AR (1993) The effects of diamond-like-carbon coatings on the friction and wear of enhanced UHMWPE-metal couples. In: Trans 21st annual meet of the society for biomaterials, Birmingham, AL, vol 26, p. 10
Baykal D, Siskey RS, Haider H, Saikko V, Ahlroos T, Kurtz SM (2014) Advances in tribological testing of artificial joint biomaterials using multidirectional pin-on-disk testers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 31:117–134
Brown KJ, Atkinson JR, Dowson D, Wright V (1976) The wear of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and a preliminary study of its relation to the in vivo behaviour of replacement hip joints. Wear 40:255–264
Fisher J, Dowson D (1991) Tribology of total artificial joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng 205:73–79
Rose RM, Radin EL (1982) Wear of polyethylene in total hip prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 170:107–115
Schmidt MB, Lin M, Greer KW (1995) Wear performance of UHWMPE articulated against ion implanted CoCr. In: Trans 21st annual meeting of the society for biomaterials, San Francisco, CA, vol 28, p. 230
Streicher RM (1991) Ceramic surfaces as wear partners for polyethylene. In: Bonfiled W, Hastings GW, Tanner KE (eds) Bioceramics, vol 4. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, London, England, p 9
Gavrjushenko NS (1993) Recommendations with respect to the improvement of lubrication quality of synovial fluid in artificial joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng 207:111–114
Simon SR Radin EL (1973) Lubrication and wear of the Charnley, Charnley-Muller, and McKee-Farrar prostheses with special regard to their clinical behavior. In: Proc. 1st scient. meet. hip society, Saint Louis, Chapter 5, pp. 33–45
Saikko V (1992) Simulator study of friction in total replacement hip joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 206:201–211
McKellop H (1981) Wear of artificial joint materials. II. Twelve-channel wear-screening device: correlation of experimental and clinical results. Eng Med 10(3):123–136
Tateishi T, Terui A, Yunoki H (1990) Friction and wear properties for biomaterials for artificial joint. Bioceramics 2:145–151
Ruger LM, Love BJ, Drews MJ, Hutton WC, LaBerge M (1996) Effect of antioxidant on the tribological properties of gamma sterilized ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In: Proc. fifth world biomaterials congress, Toronto, Canada, 29 May–2 June
Unsworth A, Pearcy MJ, White EFT, White G (1988) Frictional properties of artificial hip joints. Eng Med 17:101–104
Walker PS, Bullough PG (1973) The effects of friction and wear in artificial joints. Orthop Clin North Am 4:275–293
Weightman B, Simon S, Paul LI, Rose R, Radin EL (1972) Lubrication mechanisms of hip joint replacement prostheses. J Lubr Technol (Trans Am Soc Mech Eng) 94:131
Weightman B, Paul IL, Rose RM, Simon SR, Radin EL (1973) A comparative study of total hip replacement prostheses. J Biomech 6:299
Ungethum M, Refior HJ (1974) 1st Aluminiumoxidkeramik als Gleirlagerwekstoff fur Totalendoprothesen geeignet? Arch Orthop Unfallchir 79:97
Eyerer P, Kurth M, McKellop HA, Mittlmeier T (1987) Characterization of UHMWPE Hip cups run on joint simulators. J Biomed Mater Res 21:275–291
Poggie RA, Wert JJ, Mishra AK, Davidson JA (1992) Friction and wear characterization of UHMWPE in reciprocating sliding contact with Co–Cr, Ti-6AMV, and zirconia implant bearing surfaces. In: Denton R, Keshavan MK (eds) Wear and friction of elastomers. ASTM STP 1145. American Society For Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 65–81
Dowson D, Wallbridge NC (1985) Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints. I: Charnley prosthesis with polytetrafluoroethylene acetabular cups. Wear 104:203–215
Saikko V, Paavolainen P, Kleimola M, Slatis P (1992) A five-station hip joint simulator for wear rate studies. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 206:195–200
Griffith MJ, Seidenstein MK, Williams D, Charnley J (1978) Socket wear in Charnley low friction arthroplasty of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res 137:36–47
Deavane PA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, Hardie RM, Home JG (1995) Measurement of polyethylene wear in metal-backed acetabular cups. Clin Orthop Relat Res 319:303–316
Livermore J, Ilstrup D, Morrey B (1990) Effect of femoral head size on wear of the polyethylene acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg 72A:518–528
Isaac GI, Wroblewski PJ, Atkinson JR, Dowson D (1992) Tribological study of retrieved hip prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 276:115–125
Wroblewski BM, McCullagh PJ, Siney PD (1992) Quality of the surface finish of the head of the femoral component and the wear of the socket in long-term results of the Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. Eng Med 20:181–183
Oonishi H, Takayama Y (1989) Comparisons of wear of UHMW polyethylene sliding against metal and alumina in total hip prostheses. Bioceramics 1:272–277
Okumara H, Yamamuro P, Kumar T, Nakamura T, Oka M (1989) Socket wear in total hip prosthesis with alumina ceramic head. Bioceramics 1:284–189
Egli A, Weber BG, Sieber H, Semlitsch M, Dörre E (1990) Experience with the pairing of polyethylene/ceramic materials in hip endoprostheses. In: Willert H-G, Bucchorn GH, Eyerer P (eds) Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene as biomaterial in orthopaedic surgery. Hoffrefe and Huber, Gottingen, pp 154–158
Zichner LP, Willert HG (1992) Comparison of alumina-polyethylene and metal-polyethylene in clinical trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 282:86–94
Atkinson JR, Dowling JM, Cicek RZ (1980) Materials for internal prostheses: the present position and possible future developments. Biomaterials 1:89–96
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional Reading
Additional Reading
-
1.
Clarke, I.C. and McKellop, H.A. (1986) Wear Testing in Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation (A.F. von Recum, Ed.) Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. pp. 114–130. A concise review of testing protocols used for wear testing of cardiovascular, orthopaedic, and dental implants. Introduces some of the technical parameters involved in the understanding and measurement of wear performance.
-
2.
Dumbleton, J.H. (1981) Tribology of natural and artificial joints. Elsevier, New York. An excellent critical review of testing parameters and conditions for wear and friction of orthopaedic materials.
-
3.
Baykal, D., Siskey, R.S., Haider, H., Saikko, V., Ahlroos, T., Kurtz, S.M. (2014) Advances in tribological testing of artificial joint biomaterials using multidirectional pin-on-disk testers. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 31, 117–134.
-
4.
Sedel, L. (2000). Evolution of alumina-on-alumina implants: a review. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 379, 48–54.
-
5.
Lewis, G. (1997). Polyethylene wear in total hip and knee arthroplasties. Journal of biomedical materials research, 38(1), 55–75.
-
6.
Bracco, P., & Oral, E. (2011). Vitamin E-stabilized UHMWPE for total joint implants: a review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ®, 469(8), 2286–2293.
-
7.
Brown, S. S., & Clarke, I. C. (2006). A review of lubrication conditions for wear simulation in artificial hip replacements. Tribology transactions, 49(1), 72–78.
-
8.
Goel, V. K., Panjabi, M. M., Patwardhan, A. G., Dooris, A. P., & Serhan, H. (2006). Test protocols for evaluation of spinal implants. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 88 (suppl 2), 103–109.
-
9.
Hoeppner, D. W., & Chandrasekaran, V. (1994). Fretting in orthopaedic implants: a review. Wear, 173(1), 189–197.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
LaBerge, M., Desjardins, J.D. (2016). Chapter 8 Wear. In: Murphy, W., Black, J., Hastings, G. (eds) Handbook of Biomaterial Properties. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3305-1_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3305-1_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3303-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3305-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)