Skip to main content

Endoscopic Management of Procedure-Related Bleeding and Perforation

  • Chapter
GI Endoscopic Emergencies

Abstract

Bleeding and perforation are procedure-related adverse events for which endoscopic intervention in appropriate circumstances can result in a good clinical outcome. Several endoscopic devices, including through-the-scope and over-the-scope clips, endoscopic suturing, and covered stents, can be used alone or in combination to manage procedure-related bleeding and perforation. Prompt recognition of adverse events, excellent supportive care, device availability, and operator experience are among the key determinants for a successful endoscopic outcome. Minimally invasive endoscopic management offers the potential for faster recovery and at a lower cost compared to traditional surgical approaches.

This chapter includes supplementary videos.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ribeiro-Mourao F, Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric lesions: results of an European inquiry. Endoscopy. 2010;42:814–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gotoda T, Iwasaki M, Kusano C, Seewald S, Oda I. Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer treated by guideline and expanded National Cancer Centre criteria. Br J Surg. 2010;97:868–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Conio M, Fisher DA, Blanchi S, Ruggeri C, Filiberti R, Siersema PD. One-step circumferential endoscopic mucosal cap resection of Barrett’s esophagus with early neoplasia. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2013;38:81–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang L, Ren W, Zhang Z, Yu J, Li Y, Song Y. Retrospective study of endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) for surgical resection of esophageal leiomyoma. Surg Endosc. 2013;27:4259–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang ZG, Zhang XS, Huang SL, Yuan XG. Endoscopy dissection of small stromal tumors emerged from the muscularis propria in the upper gastrointestinal tract: preliminary study. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;4:565–70.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Catalano F, Rodella L, Lombardo F, Silano M, Tomezzoli A, Fuini A, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors: results from a retrospective cohort study. Gastric Cancer. 2013;16:563–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bialek A, Wiechowska-Kozlowska A, Pertkiewicz J, Polkowski M, Milkiewicz P, Karpinska K, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for treatment of gastric subepithelial tumors (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:276–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Repici A, Pagano N, Hassan C, Cavenati S, Rando G, Spaggiari P, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2012;21:303–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tokioka S, Umegaki E, Murano M, Takeuchi N, Takeuchi T, Kawakami K, et al. Utility and problems of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in elderly patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27 Suppl 3:63–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gomez-Esquivel R, Raju GS. Endoscopic closure of acute esophageal perforations. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;15:321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Baron TH, Wong Kee Song LM, Zielinski MD, Emura F, Fotoohi M, Kozarek RA. A comprehensive approach to the management of acute endoscopic perforations (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:838–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Levin TR, Zhao W, Conell C, Seeff LC, Manninen DL, Shapiro JA, et al. Complications of colonoscopy in an integrated health care delivery system. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:880–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sonnenberg A, Delco F, Inadomi JM. Cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:573–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Baron TH, Kamath PS, McBane RD. Management of antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing invasive procedures. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2113–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Boustiere C, Veitch A, Vanbiervliet G, Bulois P, Deprez P, Laquiere A, et al. Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2011;43:445–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Liaquat H, Rohn E, Rex DK. Prophylactic clip closure reduced the risk of delayed postpolypectomy hemorrhage: experience in 277 clipped large sessile or flat colorectal lesions and 247 control lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:401–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kouklakis G, Mpoumponaris A, Gatopoulou A, Efraimidou E, Manolas K, Lirantzopoulos N. Endoscopic resection of large pedunculated colonic polyps and risk of postpolypectomy bleeding with adrenaline injection versus endoloop and hemoclip: a prospective, randomized study. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:2732–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Paspatis GA, Paraskeva K, Theodoropoulou A, Mathou N, Vardas E, Oustamanolakis P, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of adrenaline injection in combination with detachable snare versus adrenaline injection alone in the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding in large colonic polyps. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2805. quiz 913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Di Giorgio P, De Luca L, Calcagno G, Rivellini G, Mandato M, De Luca B. Detachable snare versus epinephrine injection in the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding: a randomized and controlled study. Endoscopy. 2004;36:860–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Parra-Blanco A, Kaminaga N, Kojima T, Endo Y, Uragami N, Okawa N, et al. Hemoclipping for postpolypectomy and postbiopsy colonic bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Binmoeller KF, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Endoscopic hemoclip treatment for gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 1993;25:167–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Grund KE, Storek D, Farin G. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC) first clinical experiences in flexible endoscopy. Endosc Surg Allied Technol. 1994;2:42–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Saito Y, Uraoka T, Matsuda T, Emura F, Ikehara H, Mashimo Y, et al. Endoscopic treatment of large superficial colorectal tumors: a case series of 200 endoscopic submucosal dissections (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:966–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gotoda T. A large endoscopic resection by endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure for early gastric cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:S71–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Yamamoto H. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early cancers and large flat adenomas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:S74–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Raju GS, Saito Y, Matsuda T, Kaltenbach T, Soetikno R. Endoscopic management of colonoscopic perforations (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:1380–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rondonotti E, Sunada K, Yano T, Paggi S, Yamamoto H. Double-balloon endoscopy in clinical practice: where are we now? Dig Endosc. 2012;24:209–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sharma N, Jindal M, Mahon B, Pracy P. Hypopharyngeal perforation during endoscopic ultrasound treated by primary repair. Head Neck. 2011;33:756–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tsunada S, Ogata S, Ohyama T, Ootani H, Oda K, Kikkawa A, et al. Endoscopic closure of perforations caused by EMR in the stomach by application of metallic clips. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:948–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Seewald S, Soehendra N. Perforation: part and parcel of endoscopic resection? Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:602–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Parodi A, Repici A, Pedroni A, Blanchi S, Conio M. Endoscopic management of GI perforations with a new over-the-scope clip device (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:881–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Manta R, Magno L, Conigliaro R, Caruso A, Bertani H, Manno M, et al. Endoscopic repair of post-surgical gastrointestinal complications. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45:879–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gotoda T, Yamamoto H, Soetikno RM. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:929–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Biancari F, D’Andrea V, Paone R, Di Marco C, Savino G, Koivukangas V, et al. Current treatment and outcome of esophageal perforations in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of 75 studies. World J Surg. 2013;37:1051–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Vallbohmer D, Holscher AH, Holscher M, Bludau M, Gutschow C, Stippel D, et al. Options in the management of esophageal perforation: analysis over a 12-year period. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23:185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lynch KL, Pandolfino JE, Howden CW, Kahrilas PJ. Major complications of pneumatic dilation and Heller myotomy for achalasia: single-center experience and systematic review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1817–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Moawad FJ, Cheatham JG, DeZee KJ. Meta-analysis: the safety and efficacy of dilation in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:713–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fujishiro M, Yahagi N, Kakushima N, Kodashima S, Muraki Y, Ono S, et al. Successful nonsurgical management of perforation complicating endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasms. Endoscopy. 2006;38:1001–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Swinnen J, Eisendrath P, Rigaux J, Kahegeshe L, Lemmers A, Le Moine O, et al. Self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of benign upper GI leaks and perforations. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:890–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. D’Cunha J. Esophageal stents for leaks and perforations. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;23:163–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC, Bruno MJ, Kuipers EJ. Short-term esophageal stenting in the management of benign perforations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1515–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wilson JL, Louie BE, Farivar AS, Vallieres E, Aye RW. Fully covered self-expanding metal stents are effective for benign esophagogastric disruptions and strictures. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(12):2045–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Linghu E, Feng X, Wang X, Meng J, Du H, Wang H. Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for large esophageal neoplastic lesions. Endoscopy. 2013;45:60–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sato H, Inoue H, Ikeda H, Grace RSE, Yoshida A, Onimaru M, et al. Clinical experience of esophageal perforation occurring with endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dis Esophagus. 2013;27:617–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Shimizu Y, Kato M, Yamamoto J, Nakagawa S, Komatsu Y, Tsukagoshi H, et al. Endoscopic clip application for closure of esophageal perforations caused by EMR. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:636–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hoteya S, Matsui A, Iizuka T, Kikuchi D, Yamada A, Yamashita S, et al. Comparison of the clinicopathological characteristics and results of endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophagogastric junction and non-junctional cancers. Digestion. 2013;87:29–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Oyama T, Tomori A, Hotta K, Morita S, Kominato K, Tanaka M, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early esophageal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:S67–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tomizawa Y, Iyer PG, Wong Kee Song LM, Buttar NS, Lutzke LS, Wang KK. Safety of endoscopic mucosal resection for Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1440–7. quiz 8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Repici A, Hassan C, Carlino A, Pagano N, Zullo A, Rando G, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a prospective Western series. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:715–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tamiya Y, Nakahara K, Kominato K, Serikawa O, Watanabe Y, Tateishi H, et al. Pneumomediastinum is a frequent but minor complication during esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy. 2010;42:8–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang KK, Sampliner RE, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of G. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:788–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ell C, May A, Gossner L, Pech O, Gunter E, Mayer G, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:670–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Peters FP, Kara MA, Curvers WL, Rosmolen WD, Fockens P, Krishnadath KK, et al. Multiband mucosectomy for endoscopic resection of Barrett’s esophagus: feasibility study with matched historical controls. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:311–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. van Vilsteren FG, Pouw RE, Herrero LA, Peters FP, Bisschops R, Houben M, et al. Learning to perform endoscopic resection of esophageal neoplasia is associated with significant complications even within a structured training program. Endoscopy. 2012;44:4–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pech O, Gossner L, May A, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas: western experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1226–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pech O, May A, Gossner L, Rabenstein T, Manner H, Huijsmans J, et al. Curative endoscopic therapy in patients with early esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Endoscopy. 2007;39:30–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ono S, Fujishiro M, Niimi K, Goto O, Kodashima S, Yamamichi N, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ishihara R, Iishi H, Uedo N, Takeuchi Y, Yamamoto S, Yamada T, et al. Comparison of EMR and endoscopic submucosal dissection for en bloc resection of early esophageal cancers in Japan. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:1066–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yamashita T, Zeniya A, Ishii H, Tsuji T, Tsuda S, Nakane K, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection using a cap-fitted panendoscope and endoscopic submucosal dissection as optimal endoscopic procedures for superficial esophageal carcinoma. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:2541–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Neuhaus H, Terheggen G, Rutz EM, Vieth M, Schumacher B. Endoscopic submucosal dissection plus radiofrequency ablation of neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopy. 2012;44:1105–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Minami S, Gotoda T, Ono H, Oda I, Hamanaka H. Complete endoscopic closure of gastric perforation induced by endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer using endoclips can prevent surgery (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:596–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Park YM, Cho E, Kang HY, Kim JM. The effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection compared with endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:2666–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Toyokawa T, Inaba T, Omote S, Okamoto A, Miyasaka R, Watanabe K, et al. Risk factors for perforation and delayed bleeding associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric neoplasms: analysis of 1123 lesions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:907–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sekiguchi M, Suzuki H, Oda I, Yoshinaga S, Nonaka S, Saka M, et al. Dehiscence following successful endoscopic closure of gastric perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:4224–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lian J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Qiu F. A meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection and EMR for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:763–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Choi JH, Kim ER, Min BH, Choi D, Kang KJ, Lee JH, et al. The feasibility and safety of the endoscopic submucosal dissection of superficial gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis: a retrospective study. Gut Liver. 2012;6:58–63.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ogura K, Okamoto M, Sugimoto T, Yahagi N, Fujishiro M, Kakushima N, et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer in patients with liver cirrhosis. Endoscopy. 2008;40:443–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kwon YL, Kim ES, Lee KI, Kim YJ, Park CW, Kim YJ, et al. Endoscopic treatments of gastric mucosal lesions are not riskier in patients with chronic renal failure or liver cirrhosis. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:1994–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Mannen K, Tsunada S, Hara M, Yamaguchi K, Sakata Y, Fujise T, et al. Risk factors for complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric tumors: analysis of 478 lesions. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chung IK, Lee JH, Lee SH, Kim SJ, Cho JY, Cho WY, et al. Therapeutic outcomes in 1000 cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric neoplasms: Korean ESD Study Group multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:1228–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lim JH, Kim SG, Kim JW, Choi YJ, Kwon J, Kim JY, et al. Do antiplatelets increase the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms? Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:719–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ono S, Kato M, Ono Y, Nakagawa M, Nakagawa S, Shimizu Y, et al. Effects of preoperative administration of omeprazole on bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy. 2009;41:299–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kim JW, Kim HS, Park DH, Park YS, Jee MG, Baik SK, et al. Risk factors for delayed postendoscopic mucosal resection hemorrhage in patients with gastric tumor. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:409–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Okano A, Hajiro K, Takakuwa H, Nishio A, Matsushita M. Predictors of bleeding after endoscopic mucosal resection of gastric tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:687–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kim SH, Moon JS, Youn YH, Lee KM, Lee SJ. Management of the complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:3575–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Heldwein W, Dollhopf M, Rosch T, Meining A, Schmidtsdorff G, Hasford J, et al. The Munich Polypectomy Study (MUPS): prospective analysis of complications and risk factors in 4000 colonic snare polypectomies. Endoscopy. 2005;37:1116–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Galloro G, Magno L, Ruggiero S, Iovino P, Formisano C, Cortese L, et al. Comparison between tungsten and steel polypectomy snares: evaluation of depth of colonic thermal wall injury in a pig model. Endoscopy. 2013;45:121–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Panteris V, Haringsma J, Kuipers EJ. Colonoscopy perforation rate, mechanisms and outcome: from diagnostic to therapeutic colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 2009;41:941–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Choo WK, Subhani J. Complication rates of colonic polypectomy in relation to polyp characteristics and techniques: a district hospital experience. J Interv Gastroenterol. 2012;2:8–11.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Repici A, Pellicano R, Strangio G, Danese S, Fagoonee S, Malesci A. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early colorectal neoplasia: pathologic basis, procedures, and outcomes. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:1502–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tanaka S, Terasaki M, Kanao H, Oka S, Chayama K. Current status and future perspectives of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors. Dig Endosc. 2012;24 Suppl 1:73–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hassan C, Zullo A, De Francesco V, Ierardi E, Giustini M, Pitidis A, et al. Systematic review: endoscopic dilatation in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1457–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Celestino C, Harz C, Decaestecker J, Saenz R. Endoscopic treatment of an iatrogenic perforation of the colon by using endoloop. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:653–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Swan MP, Bourke MJ, Moss A, Williams SJ, Hopper A, Metz A. The target sign: an endoscopic marker for the resection of the muscularis propria and potential perforation during colonic endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gubler C, Bauerfeind P. Endoscopic closure of iatrogenic gastrointestinal tract perforations with the over-the-scope clip. Digestion. 2012;85:302–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Velchuru VR, Zawadzki M, Levin AL, Bouchard CM, Marecik S, Prasad LM, et al. Endoclip closure of a large colonic perforation following colonoscopic leiomyoma excision. JSLS. 2013;17:152–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Magdeburg R, Collet P, Post S, Kaehler G. Endoclipping of iatrogenic colonic perforation to avoid surgery. Surg Endosc. 2008;22:1500–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rosen L, Bub DS, Reed 3rd JF, Nastasee SA. Hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:1126–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Yousfi M, Gostout CJ, Baron TH, Hernandez JL, Keate R, Fleischer DE, et al. Postpolypectomy lower gastrointestinal bleeding: potential role of aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1785–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Waye JD, Lewis BS, Yessayan S. Colonoscopy: a prospective report of complications. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;15:347–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gibbs DH, Opelka FG, Beck DE, Hicks TC, Timmcke AE, Gathright Jr JB. Postpolypectomy colonic hemorrhage. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:806–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Stock C, Ihle P, Sieg A, Schubert I, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Adverse events requiring hospitalization within 30 days after outpatient screening and nonscreening colonoscopies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:419–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sawhney MS, Salfiti N, Nelson DB, Lederle FA, Bond JH. Risk factors for severe delayed postpolypectomy bleeding. Endoscopy. 2008;40:115–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Watabe H, Yamaji Y, Okamoto M, Kondo S, Ohta M, Ikenoue T, et al. Risk assessment for delayed hemorrhagic complication of colonic polypectomy: polyp-related factors and patient-related factors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:73–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Buddingh KT, Herngreen T, Haringsma J, van der Zwet WC, Vleggaar FP, Breumelhof R, et al. Location in the right hemi-colon is an independent risk factor for delayed post-polypectomy hemorrhage: a multi-center case–control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:1119–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kim JH, Lee HJ, Ahn JW, Cheung DY, Kim JI, Park SH, et al. Risk factors for delayed post-polypectomy hemorrhage: a case–control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:645–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gimeno-Garcia AZ, de Ganzo ZA, Sosa AJ, Perez DN, Quintero E. Incidence and predictors of postpolypectomy bleeding in colorectal polyps larger than 10 mm. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:520–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Metz AJ, Bourke MJ, Moss A, Williams SJ, Swan MP, Byth K. Factors that predict bleeding following endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Endoscopy. 2011;43:506–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. GB N, JM A, JW S, Singh R, Tam W, FH L, et al. Risk factors for intraprocedural and clinically significant delayed bleeding after wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;12:651–61. e1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Manocha D, Singh M, Mehta N, Murthy UK. Bleeding risk after invasive procedures in aspirin/NSAID users: polypectomy study in veterans. Am J Med. 2012;125:1222–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hui AJ, Wong RM, Ching JY, Hung LC, Chung SC, Sung JJ. Risk of colonoscopic polypectomy bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: analysis of 1657 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:44–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Singh M, Mehta N, Murthy UK, Kaul V, Arif A, Newman N. Postpolypectomy bleeding in patients undergoing colonoscopy on uninterrupted clopidogrel therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:998–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Shioji K, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, Nakamura A, Azumaya M, Takeuchi M, et al. Prophylactic clip application does not decrease delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:691–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Lee SH, Chung IK, Kim SJ, Kim JO, Ko BM, Kim WH, et al. Comparison of postpolypectomy bleeding between epinephrine and saline submucosal injection for large colon polyps by conventional polypectomy: a prospective randomized, multicenter study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:2973–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Lee CK, Lee SH, Park JY, Lee TH, Chung IK, Park SH, et al. Prophylactic argon plasma coagulation ablation does not decrease delayed postpolypectomy bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:353–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rex DK, Lewis BS, Waye JD. Colonoscopy and endoscopic therapy for delayed post-polypectomy hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:127–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hachisu T. Evaluation of endoscopic hemostasis using an improved clipping apparatus. Surg Endosc. 1988;2:13–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Fahrtash-Bahin F, Holt BA, Jayasekeran V, Williams SJ, Sonson R, Bourke MJ. Snare tip soft coagulation achieves effective and safe endoscopic hemostasis during wide-field endoscopic resection of large colonic lesions (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78:158–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alessandro Repici .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Application of dedicated hemostatic forceps for intra-procedural EMR-induced active bleeding (MP4 14246 kb)

Over-the-scope clip placement for EMR-induced recurrent delayed bleeding (MP4 14114 kb)

Over-the-scope clip closure of EMR-induced deep defect (MP4 28329 kb)

Self-expandable metal stent placement for management of a dilation-induced esophageal perforation (MP4 38651 kb)

Nonsurgical management of Boerhaave syndrome with endoscopic suturing and stent placement (MP4 64878 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Repici, A., Zullo, A., Anderloni, A., Hassan, C. (2016). Endoscopic Management of Procedure-Related Bleeding and Perforation. In: Wong Kee Song, L., Gorospe, E., Baron, T. (eds) GI Endoscopic Emergencies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3085-2_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3085-2_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3084-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3085-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics