Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cutaneous Malignancies

  • Chapter
Dermatological Manifestations of Kidney Disease

  • 1059 Accesses

Abstract

While all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk for skin cancer due to immune system dysfunction, rates are exponentially higher in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). In the past, skin cancer was not a major health concern for RTRs; however, because the life expectancy of RTR has increased, cutaneous carcinomas are being observed more routinely. Skin cancers are a significant cause of morbidity in this patient population and squamous cell carcinoma, the most common skin cancer in RTRs, is associated with a 5–8 % risk of mortality. It is important for all providers caring for RTRs to be acutely aware of the factors contributing to cutaneous carcinogenesis and to be familiar with the appearance and characteristics of the most common premalignant and malignant lesions in order to facilitate early diagnosis and avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality. This chapter will review preventative care that should be reinforced by all practitioners caring for CKD and RTR patients and summarize the treatment options for cutaneous malignancies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Patients transplanted at age >55 years have a 12-fold higher risk of developing NMSC compared to those transplanted <34 years of age [60].

References

  1. Donaldson MR, Coldiron BM. No end in sight: the skin cancer epidemic continues. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2011;30(1):3–5. PubMed PMID: 21540015.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW. Lifetime risk for development of skin cancer in the U.S. population: current estimate is now 1 in 5. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(6):1012–3. PubMed PMID: 8959974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, Hinckley MR, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB, et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(3):283–7. PubMed PMID: 20231499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Stern RS. Prevalence of a history of skin cancer in 2007: results of an incidence-based model. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(3):279–82. PubMed PMID: 20231498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. “Skin Cancer” The National Cancer Institute website. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/skin. Accessed 20 Aug 2013.

  6. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):220–41. PubMed PMID: 22700443.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Society AC. Cancer facts & figures 2012 2013. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2013.

  8. DePry JL, Reed KB, Cook-Norris RH, Brewer JD. Iatrogenic immunosuppression and cutaneous malignancy. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29(6):602–13. PubMed PMID: 22014982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Meier P, Dayer E, Blanc E, Wauters JP. Early T cell activation correlates with expression of apoptosis markers in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):204–12. PubMed PMID: 11752039.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jerant AF, Johnson JT, Sheridan CD, Caffrey TJ. Early detection and treatment of skin cancer. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(2):357. PubMed PMID: 10929700-68, 75-6, 81-2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vajdic CM, van Leeuwen MT. Cancer incidence and risk factors after solid organ transplantation. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(8):1747–54. PubMed PMID: 19444916.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. New Engl J Med. 2001;344(13):975–83. PubMed PMID: 11274625.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Diepgen TL, Mahler V. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146 Suppl 61:1–6. PubMed PMID: 11966724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Glass AG, Hoover RN. The emerging epidemic of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. JAMA. 1989;262(15):2097–100. PubMed PMID: 2795783.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. New Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1681–91. PubMed PMID: 12711744.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jensen AO, Svaerke C, Farkas D, Pedersen L, Kragballe K, Sorensen HT. Skin cancer risk among solid organ recipients: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90(5):474–9. PubMed PMID: 20814621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Webb MC, Compton F, Andrews PA, Koffman CG. Skin tumours posttransplantation: a retrospective analysis of 28 years’ experience at a single centre. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(1–2):828–30. PubMed PMID: 9123544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Buell JF, Hanaway MJ, Thomas M, Alloway RR, Woodle ES. Skin cancer following transplantation: the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry experience. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(2):962–3. PubMed PMID: 15848591.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Martinez JC, Otley CC, Stasko T, Euvrard S, Brown C, Schanbacher CF, et al. Defining the clinical course of metastatic skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a multicenter collaborative study. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(3):301–6. PubMed PMID: 12622621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tessari G, Girolomoni G. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(10):1622–30. PubMed PMID: 22805312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and other cutaneous carcinomas. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al., editors. AJCC Cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. pp. 301–14.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Network NCC. Basal and squamous cell skin cancers. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines). 2013. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nmsc.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2013.

  23. Zwald FO, Brown M. Skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: advances in therapy and management: part I. Epidemiology of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(2):253–61. quiz 62, PubMed PMID: 21763561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Penn I. Malignant melanoma in organ allograft recipients. Transplantation. 1996;61(2):274–8. PubMed PMID: 8600636.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stasko T, Brown MD, Carucci JA, Euvrard S, Johnson TM, Sengelmann RD, et al. Guidelines for the management of squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 2):642–50. PubMed PMID: 15061849.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Braconnier P, Del Marmol V, Broeders N, Kianda M, Massart A, Lemy A, et al. Combined introduction of anti-IL2 receptor antibodies, mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus: effect on malignancies after renal transplantation in a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(6):2547–53. PubMed PMID: 22123748.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hiesse C, Rieu P, Kriaa F, Larue JR, Goupy C, Neyrat N, et al. Malignancy after renal transplantation: analysis of incidence and risk factors in 1700 patients followed during a 25-year period. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(1–2):831–3. PubMed PMID: 9123545.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O, et al. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40(2 Pt 1):177–86. PubMed PMID: 10025742.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hofbauer GF, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Euvrard S. Organ transplantation and skin cancer: basic problems and new perspectives. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(6):473–82. PubMed PMID: 20482618.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lebwohl MG, Rosen T, Stockfleth E. The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints and therapeutic options. Cutis 2010;86(5):suppl 1–11; quiz suppl 2. PubMed PMID: 21214125.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Fridman WH, Pages F, Galon J. Natural immunity to cancer in humans. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22(2):215–22. PubMed PMID: 20207124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity. 2004;21(2):137–48. PubMed PMID: 15308095.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. DuPage M, Mazumdar C, Schmidt LM, Cheung AF, Jacks T. Expression of tumour-specific antigens underlies cancer immunoediting. Nature. 2012;482(7385):405–9. PubMed PMID: 22318517, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3288744.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Fauchald P. Are renal transplant recipients on CsA-based immunosuppressive regimens more likely to develop skin cancer than those on azathioprine and prednisolone? Transplant Proc. 1999;31(1–2):1120. PubMed PMID: 10083500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Otley CC, Maragh SL. Reduction of immunosuppression for transplant-associated skin cancer: rationale and evidence of efficacy. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(2):163–8. PubMed PMID: 15762208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Robson R, Cecka JM, Opelz G, Budde M, Sacks S. Prospective registry-based observational cohort study of the long-term risk of malignancies in renal transplant patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(12):2954–60. PubMed PMID: 16303010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Marcil I, Stern RS. Squamous-cell cancer of the skin in patients given PUVA and ciclosporin: nested cohort crossover study. Lancet. 2001;358(9287):1042–5. PubMed PMID: 11589933.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wimmer CD, Angele MK, Schwarz B, Pratschke S, Rentsch M, Khandoga A, et al. Impact of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus on the incidence of de novo malignancy following liver transplantation: a single center experience with 609 patients. Transpl Int. 2013;26. PubMed PMID: 23952102.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Guba M, Lohe F. Transplantation in cancer disease, and tumors in organ transplantation: current aspects and future prospects. MMW Fortschr Med. 2004;146(24):32–4. PubMed PMID: 15366488. Transplantation bei Tumorerkrankungen – Tumoren nach Organtransplantation. Organ neu, Tumor auch?.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Guba M, Graeb C, Jauch KW, Geissler EK. Pro- and anti-cancer effects of immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2004;77(12):1777–82. PubMed PMID: 15223891.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gjersvik P, Helsing P, Holdaas H, Bergan S. Immunosuppressive drugs and the development of skin cancer after organ transplantation. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012;132(18):2064–8. PubMed PMID: 23038197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Glover MT, Deeks JJ, Raftery MJ, Cunningham J, Leigh IM. Immunosuppression and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Lancet. 1997;349(9049):398. PubMed PMID: 9033469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. O’Donovan P, Perrett CM, Zhang X, Montaner B, Xu YZ, Harwood CA, et al. Azathioprine and UVA light generate mutagenic oxidative DNA damage. Science. 2005;309(5742):1871–4. PubMed PMID: 16166520, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2426755.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ingvar A, Smedby KE, Lindelof B, Fernberg P, Bellocco R, Tufveson G, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment after solid organ transplantation and risk of post-transplant cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(8):2764–71. PubMed PMID: 19729465.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ho WL, Murphy GM. Update on the pathogenesis of post-transplant skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(2):217–24. PubMed PMID: 18070205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wu X, Nguyen BC, Dziunycz P, Chang S, Brooks Y, Lefort K, et al. Opposing roles for calcineurin and ATF3 in squamous skin cancer. Nature. 2010;465(7296):368–72. PubMed PMID: 20485437, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3050632.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yarosh DB, Pena AV, Nay SL, Canning MT, Brown DA. Calcineurin inhibitors decrease DNA repair and apoptosis in human keratinocytes following ultraviolet B irradiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(5):1020–5. PubMed PMID: 16297204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dantal J, Hourmant M, Cantarovich D, Giral M, Blancho G, Dreno B, et al. Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomised comparison of two cyclosporin regimens. Lancet. 1998;351(9103):623–8. PubMed PMID: 9500317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Guba M, von Breitenbuch P, Steinbauer M, Koehl G, Flegel S, Hornung M, et al. Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med. 2002;8(2):128–35. PubMed PMID: 11821896.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hojo M, Morimoto T, Maluccio M, Asano T, Morimoto K, Lagman M, et al. Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature. 1999;397(6719):530–4. PubMed PMID: 10028970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cattaneo D, Gotti E, Perico N, Bertolini G, Kainer G, Remuzzi G. Cyclosporine formulation and Kaposi’s sarcoma after renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(6):743–8. PubMed PMID: 16210960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Norman KG, Canter JA, Shi M, Milne GL, Morrow JD, Sligh JE. Cyclosporine A suppresses keratinocyte cell death through MPTP inhibition in a model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Mitochondrion. 2010;10(2):94–101. PubMed PMID: 19836469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kauffman HM, Cherikh WS, Cheng Y, Hanto DW, Kahan BD. Maintenance immunosuppression with target-of-rapamycin inhibitors is associated with a reduced incidence of de novo malignancies. Transplantation. 2005;80(7):883–9. PubMed PMID: 16249734.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Salgo R, Gossmann J, Schofer H, Kachel HG, Kuck J, Geiger H, et al. Switch to a sirolimus-based immunosuppression in long-term renal transplant recipients: reduced rate of (pre-)malignancies and nonmelanoma skin cancer in a prospective, randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(6):1385–93. PubMed PMID: 20121752.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Campbell SB, Walker R, Tai SS, Jiang Q, Russ GR. Randomized controlled trial of sirolimus for renal transplant recipients at high risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(5):1146–56. PubMed PMID: 22420843.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Euvrard S, Morelon E, Rostaing L, Goffin E, Brocard A, Tromme I, et al. Sirolimus and secondary skin-cancer prevention in kidney transplantation. New Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):329–39. PubMed PMID: 22830463.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bouwes Bavinck JN, Euvrard S, Naldi L, Nindl I, Proby CM, Neale R, et al. Keratotic skin lesions and other risk factors are associated with skin cancer in organ-transplant recipients: a case-control study in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(7):1647–56. PubMed PMID: 17380113, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2478722.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Taylor AE, Shuster S. Skin cancer after renal transplantation: the causal role of azathioprine. Acta Derm Venereol. 1992;72(2):115–9. PubMed PMID: 1350395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Urwin HR, Jones PW, Harden PN, Ramsay HM, Hawley CM, Nicol DL, et al. Predicting risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer and premalignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2009;87(11):1667–71. PubMed PMID: 19502958.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Otley CC, Cherikh WS, Salasche SJ, McBride MA, Christenson LJ, Kauffman HM. Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: effect of pretransplant end-organ disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(5):783–90. PubMed PMID: 16243126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gogia R, Binstock M, Hirose R, Boscardin WJ, Chren MM, Arron ST. Fitzpatrick skin phototype is an independent predictor of squamous cell carcinoma risk after solid organ transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):585–91. PubMed PMID: 23107311, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3562416.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kwatra SG, Mills KC, Zeitany A, Pearce DJ, Williford PM, D'Agostino Jr RB, et al. Pain and nonmelanoma skin cancer in transplant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(6):1387–8. PubMed PMID: 23158620.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Anwar J, Wrone DA, Kimyai-Asadi A, Alam M. The development of actinic keratosis into invasive squamous cell carcinoma: evidence and evolving classification schemes. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22(3):189–96. PubMed PMID: WOS:000223076700004. English.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wolff KGL, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 7th ed. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ratushny V, Gober MD, Hick R, Ridky TW, Seykora JT. From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(2):464–72. PubMed PMID: 22293185, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3266779.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Forslund O, Ly H, Reid C, Higgins G. A broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types is present in the skin of Australian patients with non-melanoma skin cancers and solar keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(1):64–73. PubMed PMID: 12890196.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Joly P, Bastuji-Garin S, Frances C, Lebbe C, Aubin F, Penso-Assathiany D, et al. Squamous cell carcinomas are associated with verrucokeratotic cutaneous lesions but not with common warts in organ-transplant patients. A case-control study. Transplantation. 2010;89(10):1224–30. PubMed PMID: 20559031.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Habif T. Clinical dermatology, 5e. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ulrich C. Topical treatment of field cancerization. Canc Treat Res. 2009;146:439–46. PubMed PMID: 19415223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bangash HK, Colegio OR. Management of non-melanoma skin cancer in immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012;13(3):354–76. PubMed PMID: 22592596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Reuschenbach M, Tran T, Faulstich F, Hartschuh W, Vinokurova S, Kloor M, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus in non-melanoma skin lesions from renal allograft recipients and immunocompetent patients. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(8):1334–41. PubMed PMID: 21427726, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3078602.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day Jr CL. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(6):976–90. PubMed PMID: 1607418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Southwell KE, Chaplin JM, Eisenberg RL, McIvor NP, Morton RP. Effect of immunocompromise on metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the parotid and neck. Head Neck. 2006;28(3):244–8. PubMed PMID: 16395715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Martinez JC, Otley CC, Okuno SH, Foote RL, Kasperbauer JL. Chemotherapy in the management of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: theoretical and practical considerations. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 2):679–86. PubMed PMID: 15061855.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cooper JZ, Brown MD. Special concern about squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp in organ transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(6):755–8. PubMed PMID: 16785379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Zwald FO, Brown M. Skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: advances in therapy and management: part II. Management of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(2):263–79. PubMed PMID: 21763562, quiz 80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Smith KJ, Hamza S, Skelton H. Histologic features in primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in immunocompromised patients focusing on organ transplant patients. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 2):634–41. PubMed PMID: 15061848.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Le Mire L, Hollowood K, Gray D, Bordea C, Wojnarowska F. Melanomas in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(3):472–7. PubMed PMID: 16445778.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ali FR, Lear JT. Melanoma in organ transplant recipients: incidence, outcomes and management considerations. J Skin Cancer. 2012;2012:404615. PubMed PMID: 23227339, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3512321.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Soleimanirahbar A, Mazzulli T, Rotstein C, Husain S. Post renal transplantation Kaposi’s sarcoma: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and therapy. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14(4):338–45. PubMed PMID: 22316356.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zmonarski SC, Boratynska M, Puziewicz-Zmonarska A, Kazimierczak K, Klinger M. Kaposi’s sarcoma in renal transplant recipients. Ann Transplant. 2005;10(2):59–65. PubMed PMID: 16218035.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science. 2008;319(5866):1096–100. PubMed PMID: 18202256, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2740911.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, Garcea RL. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(3):e1000363. PubMed PMID: 19325891, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2655709.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Poulsen M. Merkel-cell carcinoma of the skin. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(10):593–9. PubMed PMID: 15465461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Blom A, Warton EM, Sokil M, Yelistratova L, et al. Systemic immune suppression predicts diminished Merkel cell carcinoma-specific survival independent of stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(3):642–6. PubMed PMID: 23190897, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3570636.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Skiveren J, Mortensen EL, Haedersdal M. Sun protective behaviour in renal transplant recipients. A qualitative study based on individual interviews and the Health Belief Model. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21(6):331–6. PubMed PMID: 20528481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Moloney FJ, Almarzouqi E, O'Kelly P, Conlon P, Murphy GM. Sunscreen use before and after transplantation and assessment of risk factors associated with skin cancer development in renal transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(8):978–82. PubMed PMID: 16103326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ramsay HM, Reece SM, Fryer AA, Smith AG, Harden PN. Seven-year prospective study of nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence in U.K. renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2007;84(3):437–9. PubMed PMID: 17700173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ramsay HM, Fryer AA, Hawley CM, Smith AG, Harden PN. Non-melanoma skin cancer risk in the Queensland renal transplant population. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(5):950–6. PubMed PMID: 12410706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Wang SQ, Dusza SW. Assessment of sunscreen knowledge: a pilot survey. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161 Suppl 3:28–32. PubMed PMID: 19775354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ou-Yang H, Stanfield J, Cole C, Appa Y, Rigel D. High sun-protection factor sunscreens (>/=70) may provide ultraviolet protection above minimal recommended levels by adequately compensating for lower sunscreen user application amounts. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(3):481–3. PubMed PMID: 23957971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Jansen R, Osterwalder U, Wang SQ, Burnett M, Lim HW. Photoprotection: part II. Sunscreen: development, efficacy, and controversies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):867.e1–14. quiz 81–2. PubMed PMID: 24238180.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Neutrogena. “Helioplex”: Neutrogena. 2014. http://www.neutrogena.com/category/sun/helioplex-+technology.do?sortby=ourPicks&page=all. Accessed 2 Feb 2014.

  94. Roche-Posay L. Anthelios 2014. http://www.laroche-posay.us/_us/_en/consumer/catalog/anthelios.aspx. Accessed 2 Feb 2014.

  95. Aveeno. Active photobarrier complex. 2014. http://www.aveenoprofessional.com/active-photo-barrier. Accessed 2 Feb 2014.

  96. Reports C. Sunscreen buying guide. Consumer Reports. May 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Landers M, Law S, Storrs FJ. Contact urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, and photoallergic contact dermatitis from oxybenzone. Am J Contact Dermatitis. 2003;14(1):33–4. PubMed PMID: 14744420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Reichrath J. Dermato-endocrinology remembers Dr. Frank C. Garland: a great scientist who made major contributions to improve our understanding about the importance of vitamin D for human health! Dermatoendocrinology. 2010;2(2):43–5. PubMed PMID: 21547095. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3081683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. American Academy of Dermatology. Position statement on vitamin D. 2013. http://www.aad.org/Forms/Policies/Uploads/PS/PS-Vitamin%20D.pdf. Accessed 28 Aug 2013.

  100. Nashan D, Meiss F, Muller M. Therapeutic strategies for actinic keratoses – a systematic review. Eur J Dermatol. 2013;23(1):14–32. PubMed PMID: 23477760.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Pflugfelder A, Welter AK, Leiter U, Weide B, Held L, Eigentler TK, et al. Open label randomized study comparing 3 months vs. 6 months treatment of actinic keratoses with 3 % diclofenac in 2.5 % hyaluronic acid gel: a trial of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(1):48–53. PubMed PMID: 21414035.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Roy SD, Manoukian E. Transdermal delivery of ketorolac tromethamine: permeation enhancement, device design, and pharmacokinetics in healthy humans. J Pharm Sci. 1995;84(10):1190–6. PubMed PMID: 8801333.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Heyneman CA, Lawless-Liday C, Wall GC. Oral versus topical NSAIDs in rheumatic diseases: a comparison. Drugs. 2000;60(3):555–74. PubMed PMID: 11030467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Pharmaderm ado FP. Solaraze gel (diclofenac sodium-3 %). [Package insert]. Melville, NY; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Perrett CM, McGregor JM, Warwick J, Karran P, Leigh IM, Proby CM, et al. Treatment of post-transplant premalignant skin disease: a randomized intrapatient comparative study of 5-fluorouracil cream and topical photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(2):320–8. PubMed PMID: 17223873, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2423222.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Levy S, Furst K, Chern W. A pharmacokinetic evaluation of 0.5 % and 5 % fluorouracil topical cream in patients with actinic keratosis. Clin Ther. 2001;23(6):908–20. PubMed PMID: 11440290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Mann M, Berk DR, Petersen J. Chemowraps as an adjuvant to surgery for patients with diffuse squamous cell carcinoma of the extremities. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(7):685–8. PubMed PMID: 18664163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Tallon B, Turnbull N. 5 % Fluorouracil chemowraps in the management of widespread lower leg solar keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;8. PubMed PMID: 23651243.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Brown VL, Atkins CL, Ghali L, Cerio R, Harwood CA, Proby CM. Safety and efficacy of 5 % imiquimod cream for the treatment of skin dysplasia in high-risk renal transplant recipients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(8):985–93. PubMed PMID: 16103328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ulrich C, Busch JO, Meyer T, Nindl I, Schmook T, Sterry W, et al. Successful treatment of multiple actinic keratoses in organ transplant patients with topical 5 % imiquimod: a report of six cases. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(2):451–4. PubMed PMID: 16882188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Trakatelli M, Katsanos G, Ulrich C, Kalabalikis D, Sotiriadis D, Stockfleth E. Efforts to counteract locally the effects of systemic immunosuppression: a review on the use of imiquimod, a topical immunostimulator in organ transplant recipients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23(2):387–96. PubMed PMID: 20646334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ulrich C, Bichel J, Euvrard S, Guidi B, Proby CM, van de Kerkhof PC, et al. Topical immunomodulation under systemic immunosuppression: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of imiquimod 5 % cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses in kidney, heart, and liver transplant patients. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157 Suppl 2:25–31. PubMed PMID: 18067628, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2493058.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Basset-Seguin N, Baumann Conzett K, Gerritsen MJ, Gonzalez H, Haedersdal M, Hofbauer GF, et al. Photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis in organ transplant patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(1):57–66. PubMed PMID: 22151793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Lebwohl M, Swanson N, Anderson LL, Melgaard A, Xu Z, Berman B. Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. New Engl J Med. 2012;366(11):1010–9. PubMed PMID: 22417254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Gupta AK, Paquet M. Network meta-analysis of the outcome “participant complete clearance” in nonimmunosuppressed participants of eight interventions for actinic keratosis: a follow-up on a Cochrane review. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(2):250–9. PubMed PMID: 23550994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Wlodek C, Ali FR, Lear JT. Use of photodynamic therapy for treatment of actinic keratoses in organ transplant recipients. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:349526. PubMed PMID: 23509711, Pubmed Central PMCID: 3591189.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lehmann P. Methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy: a review of clinical trials in the treatment of actinic keratoses and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(5):793–801. PubMed PMID: 17419691.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Bagazgoitia L, Cuevas Santos J, Juarranz A, Jaen P. Photodynamic therapy reduces the histological features of actinic damage and the expression of early oncogenic markers. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(1):144–51. PubMed PMID: 21615716.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Willey A, Mehta S, Lee PK. Reduction in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients treated with cyclic photodynamic therapy. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(5):652–8. PubMed PMID: 19889154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wennberg AM, Stenquist B, Stockfleth E, Keohane S, Lear JT, Jemec G, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for prevention of new skin lesions in transplant recipients: a randomized study. Transplantation. 2008;86(3):423–9. PubMed PMID: 18698246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Nobbe S, Trueb RM, French LE, Hofbauer GF. Herpes simplex virus reactivation as a complication of photodynamic therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2011;27(1):51–2. PubMed PMID: 21198884.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. George R, Weightman W, Russ GR, Bannister KM, Mathew TH. Acitretin for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43(4):269–73. PubMed PMID: 12423433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Hardin J, Mydlarski PR. Systemic retinoids: chemoprevention of skin cancer in transplant recipients. Skin Therapy Lett. 2010;15(7):1–4. PubMed PMID: 20700551.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Lee JS, Lippman SM, Benner SE, Lee JJ, Ro JY, Lukeman JM, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(5):937–45. PubMed PMID: 8164045.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Karp DD, Vokes EE, Benner SE, Goodman GE, et al. Randomized phase III intergroup trial of isotretinoin to prevent second primary tumors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(8):605–18. PubMed PMID: 11309437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Tangrea JA, Edwards BK, Taylor PR, Hartman AM, Peck GL, Salasche SJ, et al. Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84(5):328–32. PubMed PMID: 1738183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Endrizzi B, Ahmed RL, Ray T, Dudek A, Lee P. Capecitabine to reduce nonmelanoma skin carcinoma burden in solid organ transplant recipients. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(4):634–45. PubMed PMID: 23379978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Jirakulaporn T, Endrizzi B, Lindgren B, Mathew J, Lee PK, Dudek AZ. Capecitabine for skin cancer prevention in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2011;25(4):541–8. PubMed PMID: 21050273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Brewer JD, Christenson LJ, Weaver AL, Dapprich DC, Weenig RH, Lim KK, et al. Malignant melanoma in solid transplant recipients: collection of database cases and comparison with surveillance, epidemiology, and end results data for outcome analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(7):790–6. PubMed PMID: 21768478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Babel N, Eibl N, Ulrich C, Bold G, Sefrin A, Hammer MH, et al. Development of Kaposi’s sarcoma under sirolimus-based immunosuppression and successful treatment with imiquimod. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10(1):59–62. PubMed PMID: 17428275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Boratynska M, Zmonarski SC, Klinger M. Recurrence of Kaposi’s sarcoma after increased exposure to sirolimus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(13–14):2018–22. PubMed PMID: 17161356.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Merkel cell carcinoma. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2013. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/mcc.pdf. Accessed 27 Aug 2013.

  133. de Graaf YG, Basdew VR, van Zwan-Kralt N, Willemze R, Bavinck JN. The occurrence of residual or recurrent squamous cell carcinomas in organ transplant recipients after curettage and electrodesiccation. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(3):493–7. PubMed PMID: 16445781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2 Pt 1):241–8. PubMed PMID: 1430364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Wolf DJ, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(3):340–4. PubMed PMID: 3813602.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hilari H, Llorca D, Traves V, Villanueva A, Serra-Guillen C, Requena C, et al. Conventional surgery compared with slow Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of lentigo maligna: a retrospective study of 62 cases. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103(7):614–23. PubMed PMID: 22572575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Eskiizmir G, Gencoglan G, Temiz P, Hircin Z, Ermertcan A. Staged-surgery with permanent pathology for the management of high-risk nonmelanoma skin cancer of the nose. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(1):117–21. PubMed PMID: 20614128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Ahmed MM, Moore BA, Schmalbach CE. Utility of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma sentinel node biopsy: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013. PubMed PMID: 24201060.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Ross AS, Schmults CD. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of the English literature. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(11):1309–21. PubMed PMID: 17083582.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Veness MJ, Palme CE, Smith M, Cakir B, Morgan GJ, Kalnins I. Cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes (nonparotid): a better outcome with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(10):1827–33. PubMed PMID: 14520114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Radvansky LJ, Pace MB, Siddiqui A. Prevention and management of radiation-induced dermatitis, mucositis, and xerostomia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(12):1025–32. PubMed PMID: 23719879.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Marin-Gutzke M, Sanchez-Olaso A, Berenguer B, Gonzalez B, Rodriguez P, De Salamanca JE, et al. Basal cell carcinoma in childhood after radiation therapy: case report and review. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;53(6):593–5. PubMed PMID: 15602259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Meibodi NT, Maleki M, Javidi Z, Nahidi Y. Clinicopathological evaluation of radiation induced basal cell carcinoma. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(3):137–9. PubMed PMID: 19882013, Pubmed Central PMCID: 2763736.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Hoogendijk-van den Akker JM, Harden PN, Hoitsma AJ, Proby CM, Wolterbeek R, Bouwes Bavinck JN, et al. Two-year randomized controlled prospective trial converting treatment of stable renal transplant recipients with cutaneous invasive squamous cell carcinomas to sirolimus. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(10):1317–23. PubMed PMID: 23358973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Bonner JA, Keene KS. Is cetuximab active in patients with cisplatin-refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck? Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(12):690–1. PubMed PMID: 17909551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bauman JE, Eaton KD, Martins RG. Treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with cetuximab. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):889–92. PubMed PMID: 17638733.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Read WL. Squamous carcinoma of the skin responding to erlotinib: three cases. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):16519.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Anheuser-Busch Institute, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., 4th Floor, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA

    Melinda B. Chu M.D., Brandon T. Beal B.S. & Ian A. Maher M.D.

Authors
  1. Melinda B. Chu M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brandon T. Beal B.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ian A. Maher M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melinda B. Chu M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Nelson Clinic, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Julia R. Nunley

  2. Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago / Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois, USA

    Edgar V. Lerma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chu, M.B., Beal, B.T., Maher, I.A. (2015). Cutaneous Malignancies. In: Nunley, J., Lerma, E. (eds) Dermatological Manifestations of Kidney Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2395-3_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2395-3_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2394-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2395-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation