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Solving the Collective Action Problem During Intergroup Encounters: The Case of Black and Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya)

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Howler Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

Growing evidence from field studies highlights the importance of social affiliation, social bonds, and cooperation in understanding primate behavior and social structure. In several platyrrhine species, intersexual and intrasexual cooperation and tolerance in the form of dyadic and group-level social interactions are reported to serve a critical role in the ability of individuals to obtain access to mates, effectively patrol and defend home ranges and feeding sites, and increase offspring survivorship. Howler monkeys constitute an instructive model for testing hypotheses concerning the costs and benefits of collective action as they usually live in cohesive social groups composed largely of unrelated or distantly related adults. We explored evidence of collective action focusing on Argentina black and gold howlers (Alouatta caraya). We investigated the participation of individually recognized resident adult males in howling, vigilance, and fighting bouts during intergroup encounters, an event during which extragroup males (either lone males or males from neighboring groups) attempt to enter established groups and mate with resident females. During these encounters, some or all resident adult males responded by howling and approaching the intruder. Based on data on individual male participation during intergroup encounters, we argue that the collective action of several males benefits both actors and other group members by reducing opportunities for extragroup male takeovers, infanticide, and social disruption in established groups. Individuals may adjust their participation during these encounters in order to reduce the costs and enhance the benefits of collective action in maintaining reproductive access to resident females. We suggest that intergroup encounters are platforms where collective action problems may arise, are negotiated, and are solved through joint actions by central males and noncentral males. We also present limited data on male collective action in other howler monkey species.

Resumen

Cada vez hay más evidencia proveniente de estudios de campo que sugiere la importancia de la afiliación social, los lazos de amistad y la cooperación para entender el comportamiento y la estructura social de los primates. En varias especies de platirrinos, la cooperación y tolerancia entre individuos del mismo o diferente sexo, en la forma de interacciones de diadas, cumplen un papel crítico en la habilidad de los individuos para obtener acceso a parejas, patrullar y defender áreas de acción y de sitios de alimentación y aumentar la probabilidad de incrementar la supervivencia de los infantes. Los monos aulladores constituyen un buen modelo para probar hipótesis relacionadas con los costos y beneficios de la acción colectiva ya que usualmente viven en grupos sociales compuestos por individuos generalmente no relacionados. En este trabajo se explora la existencia de acción colectiva en aulladores focalizándonos en los aulladores negros y dorados (Alouatta caraya) de Argentina. Se investiga la participación individual de los machos residentes en eventos de aullidos, vigilancia y peleas durante encuentros intergrupales, momentos durante los cuales los machos extragrupales intentan ingresar en grupos establecidos y copular con hembras residentes. Durante estos encuentros, algunos o todos los machos residentes adultos responden con aullidos y aproximándose al intruso. Basados en datos sobre la participación individual en machos durante encuentros intergrupales, se sugiere que la acción colectiva de varios machos beneficia tanto a los actores como a otros miembros del grupo, reduciendo las oportunidades para la toma de grupo por machos extragrupales, de infanticidio y de disrupción social de grupos establecidos. Los individuos pueden ajustar su participación durante estos encuentros para reducir los costos y aumentar los beneficios de la acción colectiva, manteniendo el acceso reproductivo a hembras residentes. Se sugiere que los encuentros intergrupales son plataformas donde los problemas de acción colectiva pueden surgir y ser negociados y resueltos a través de acciones conjuntas entre machos centrales y otros machos residentes. Además se presenta una revisión sobre acción colectiva de machos en otras especies de monos aulladores.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Liliana Cortés-Ortiz and 2 anonymous reviewers for thoughtful discussions on the subject and valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. We want to thank our field assistants and collaborators: Silvana Peker, RominaPavé, Vanina Fernández, Nelson Novo, Soledad Díaz, Laura Prosdocimi, Manuela Chomnalez, Nancy López, Ezequiel Noriega, Lilian Ferre, Mariana Carro, Juan Emilio Sala, Diego Bombelli, and Raul Sobrero. We thank the support of Dr. Gabriel Zunino during the fieldwork and for stimulating discussions on the topic. We also thank Escuela Comunitaria Guacara-Isla del Cerrito for logistical support. PAG thanks Chrissie, Sara, and Jenni for their love and support in our collective actions. This study was funded by The Graduate College-UIUC, The WennerGren Foundation Grant #7034, The Leakey Foundation, Idea Wild, American Society of Primatologists, and CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council-Argentina). The study complied with the current laws and permission of the United States and Argentina (IACUC protocol #01071).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Martín M. Kowalewski

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Paul A. Garber

  3. Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Paul A. Garber

Authors
  1. Martín M. Kowalewski
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  2. Paul A. Garber
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Correspondence to Martín M. Kowalewski .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Martín M. Kowalewski

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Paul A. Garber

  3. Museum of Zoology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Liliana Cortés-Ortiz

  4. Centro de Antropología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela

    Bernardo Urbani

  5. Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dionisios Youlatos

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Kowalewski, M.M., Garber, P.A. (2015). Solving the Collective Action Problem During Intergroup Encounters: The Case of Black and Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya). In: Kowalewski, M., Garber, P., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Urbani, B., Youlatos, D. (eds) Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_7

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