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Conservation of Alouatta: Social and Economic Drivers of Habitat Loss, Information Vacuum, and Mitigating Population Declines

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Howler Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

Despite being categorized as ecologically flexible primates because of their broad geographic distribution and the diversity of habitats in which they are found, howler monkeys face serious threats of extinction throughout their distribution range. Information reviewed in this chapter indicates that high human population growth rates are prevalent in Alouatta range countries, creating important demands for land for food production and the provisioning of other goods and services for the population. Recent global market demands for cattle and food crops and other goods also exert important additional pressures upon Alouatta habitats. These interactive processes have resulted in high and continuous rates of habitat loss in the majority of Alouatta range countries. Such loss takes place in the context of high levels of poverty and low human development. On average, it is estimated that about 60 % of Alouatta populations exist outside protected area boundaries, suggesting that conservation efforts are needed at the landscape level. An important data vacuum exists for the majority of Alouatta species, with 58 % of published studies providing information on only two of the 14 recognized species of Alouatta. Moreover, 50 % of the published records come from only three countries, suggesting a data vacuum for many geographic regions and localities where Alouatta is present. Key conservation gains are represented by increases in the number of natural protected areas in Alouatta range countries, but more conservation research is needed outside protected area boundaries. A framework of basic and diagnostic research which incorporates the social dimension of the conservation problem in Alouatta is presented as a guideline for scientific and political attention.

Resumen 

A pesar de ser catalogados como primates ecológicamente flexibles debido a su amplia distribución geográfica y a la diversidad de hábitats en que se encuentran, los miembros del género Alouatta enfrentan serias amenazas de extinción en todo su rango de distribución geográfica. La información revisada en este capítulo indica que las altas tasas de crecimiento de la población humana en los países en donde Alouatta ocurre genera demandas para la producción de alimentos y la provisión de otros bienes y servicios del campo para la población. Asimismo, la creciente demanda del mercado global por alimentos y otros productos del campo ejercen fuertes presiones sobre los hábitats de Alouatta. La interacción de estos procesos se ha traducido en tasas elevadas y continuas de pérdida de hábitat en los países del área de distribución de Alouatta. Esta pérdida se da en el contexto de altos niveles de pobreza y un bajo desarrollo humano. Se estima que cerca del 60 % de la distribución para las 12 especies de Alouatta actualmente reconocidas existe fuera de los límites de áreas naturales protegida, lo que sugiere que se requieren esfuerzos de conservación a nivel de paisaje. Asimismo, existe un fuerte vacío de datos para la mayoría de las especies de Alouatta. Por ejemplo, el 58 % de los estudios publicados proporcionan información para sólo dos de las 12 especies de Alouatta. Además, el 50 % de los registros publicados provienen de sólo tres países, lo que también sugiere un vacío de datos para muchas regiones geográficas y localidades donde Alouatta está presente. Se propone un esquema de investigación básica y de diagnóstico que incorpora la dimensión social del problema de conservación de Alouatta y que podría ser motivo de atención pública y política.

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Acknowledgements

I thank the editors for the kind invitation to contribute to this volume. The writing of this chapter was supported by Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Usage of information from the IUCN RedList databases is in accordance with the Terms and Conditions of User Agreement set forth by the IUCN RedList (http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/terms-of-use#6._Usage). I am grateful to Drs. Paul Garber and Mary Pavelka for constructive suggestions to improve this chapter.

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Estrada, A. (2015). Conservation of Alouatta: Social and Economic Drivers of Habitat Loss, Information Vacuum, and Mitigating Population Declines. In: Kowalewski, M., Garber, P., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Urbani, B., Youlatos, D. (eds) Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_14

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