Abstract
Thus far, this laboratory manual has presented the conceptual models, background information, previous literature, and current methodologies for the measurement of perceived exertion responses to exercise. The application of perceptual responses to exercise assessment, prescription and program monitoring has been discussed. The study and development of the perceived exertion knowledge base, however, has expanded over the years to include other perceptual and psychosocial constructs, i.e., naturally occurring muscle pain, affect, and enjoyment. It has been argued that, in addition to an individual’s perception of physical exertion, variables such as pain, affect, and enjoyment may play an important role in determining the level of regular PA participation. Part 4 of this manual is titled Applied Perceptual and Psychosocial Research. This, the first chapter in Part 4, presents a series of power reviews, or brief summaries of the literature, concerning the measurement of naturally occurring muscle pain, affect, and enjoyment during exercise. Each section of this chapter can be linked retroactively to specific content presented previously regarding perceived exertion. Then, the remaining chapters of Part 4 present more extensive literature reviews for topics that are of growing interest concerning perceptual and psychosocial responses to exercise. These topics include the effects of caffeine supplementation, acute carbohydrate feeding, and music on perceptual, affective, and physiological responses to exercise.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
Bartlett JD, Close GL, MacLaren DPM, Gregson W, Drust B, Morton JP. High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: implications for exercise adherence. J Sports Sci. 2011;29:547–53.
Borg G, Ljunggren G, Ceci R. The increase of perceived exertion, aches and pain in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1985;54:343–9.
Cook DB, O’Connor PJ, Eubanks SA, Smith JC, Lee M. Naturally occurring muscle pain during exercise: assessment and experimental evidence. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:999–1012.
Cook DB, O’Connor PJ, Oliver SE, Lee Y. Sex differences in naturally occurring muscle pain and exertion during maximal cycle ergometry. Int J Neurosci. 1998;95:183–202.
Crisp NA, Fournier PA, Licari MK, Braham R, Guelfi KJ. Adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation: implications for acute energy balance and enjoyment. Metabolism. 2012a;61:1280–8.
Crisp NA, Fournier PA, Licari MK, Braham R, Guelfi KJ. Optimising sprint interval exercise to maximise energy expenditure and enjoyment in overweight boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012b;37:1222–31.
Da Silva SG, Elsangedy HM, Krinski K, De Campos W. Effect of body mass index on affect at intensities spanning the ventilatory threshold. Percept Mot Skills. 2011;113:575–88.
Dishman RK, Farquhar RP, Curetone KG. Responses to preferred intensities of exertion in men differing in activity levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:783–90.
Ekkekakis P. Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise. Cogn Emot. 2003;17:213–39.
Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Van Lunduyt LM, Petruzzello SJ. Walking in (affective) circles. Can short walks enhance affect? J Behav Med. 2000;23:245–75.
Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Variations and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: an alternative perspective on dose–response based on evolutionary considerations. J Sport Sci. 2005;23:477–500.
Ekkekakis P, Lind E. Exercise does not feel the same when you are overweight: the impact of self-selected and imposed intensity on affect and exertion. Int J Obes. 2006;30:652–60.
Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. The relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses demystified: to crack the 40-year-old nut, replace the 40-year-old nutcracker! Ann Behav Med. 2008;35:136–49.
Emmons RA, Diener E. A goal-affect analysis of everyday situational choices. J Res Pers. 1986;20:309–26.
Goss F, Robertson R, DaSilva S, Suminski R, Kang J, Metz K. Ratings of perceived exertion and energy expenditure during light to moderate activity. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96:739–47.
Haile L, Ledezma CM, Koch KA, Shouey LB, Aaron DJ, Goss FL, Robertson RJ. Predicted, actual and session muscle pain and perceived exertion during cycle exercise in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:S301.
Haile L, Gallagher M, Haile AM, Dixon CB, Goss FL, Robertson RJ. Session, segmented session, and acute RPE and affective responses to self-selected treadmill exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013a;45:S167.
Haile L, Goss FL, Robertson RJ, Andreacci JL, Gallagher Jr M, Nagle EF. Session perceived exertion and affective responses to self-selected and imposed cycle exercise of the same intensity ion young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013b;116:1755–65.
Haile AM, Haile L, Taylor M, Shafer A, Wisniewski K, Deldin A, Panzak G, Goss FL, Nagle E, Robertson RJ. Concurrent validity of an exercise enjoyment scale using physiological and psychological criteria. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:S645.
Hall EE, Ekkekakis P, Petruzzello SP. The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited. Br J Health Psychol. 2002;7:47–66.
Hardy CJ, Rejeski WJ. Not what but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1989;11:304–17.
Hunt SE, DiAlesandro A, Lambright G, Williams D, Aaron D, Goss F, Robertson R. Predicted and actual leg pain and perceived exertion during cycle exercise in young women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:S485.
Kane I, Robertson RJ, Fertman CI, McConnaha WR, Nagle EF, Rabin BS, Rubinstein EN. Predicted and actual exercise discomfort in middle school children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1013–21.
Kenney E, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP. Managing exercise distress: the effect of broad spectrum intervention on affect, RPE, and running efficiency. Can J Sport Sci. 1987;12:97–105.
Kirkcaldy BC, Shephard RJ. Therapeutic implications of exercise. J Sport Psychol. 1990;21:165–84.
Lind E, Joens-Matre RR, Ekkekakis P. What intensity of physical activity do previously sedentary middle-aged women select? evidence of a coherent pattern from physiological, perceptual, and affective markers. Prev Med. 2005;40:407–19.
Lind E, Ekkekakis P, Vazou S. The affective impact of exercise intensity that slightly exceeds the preferred level: ‘pain’ for no additional ‘gain’. J Health Psychol. 2008;13:464–8.
Ljunggren G, Ceci R, Karlsson J. Prolonged exercise at a constant load on a bicycle ergometer: ratings of perceived exertion and leg aches and pain as well as measurements of blood lactate accumulation and heart rate. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8:109–16.
Moses J, Steptoe A, Mathews A, Edwards S. The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: a controlled trial. J Psychosom Res. 1989;33:47–61.
O’Connor PJ, Cook DB. Moderate-intensity muscle pain can be produced and sustained during cycle ergometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1046–51.
Parfitt G, Rose EA, Burgess WM. The psychological and physiological responses of sedentary individuals to prescribed and preferred intensity exercise. Br J Health Psychol. 2006;11:39–53.
Rachman S, Lopatka C. Accurate and inaccurate predictions of pain. Behav Res Ther. 1988;26:291–96.
Rachman S, Arntz A. The overprediction and underprediction of pain. Clin Psychol Rev. 1991;11:339–55.
Rejeski WJ, Best D, Griffith P, Kenney E. Sex-role orientation and the responses of men to exercise stress. Res Q. 1987;58:260–4.
Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Aaron DJ, Nagle EF, Gallagher Jr M, Kane IR, Tessmer KA, Schafer MA, Hunt SE. Concurrent muscle hurt and perceived exertion of children during resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:1146–54.
Rose EA, Parfitt G. A quantitative analysis and qualitative explanation of the individual differences in affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise intensities. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007;29:281–309.
Rose EA, Parfitt G. Can the feeling scale be used to regulate exercise intensity? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1852–60.
Sheppard KE, Parfitt G. Acute affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise intensities in young adolescent boys and girls. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2008;20:129–41.
Stanley DM, Williams SE, Cumming J. Preliminary validation of a single-item measure of exercise enjoyment: the exercise enjoyment scale. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009;31:S138–9.
Tate AK, Petruzzello SJ. Varying the intensity of acute exercise: implications for changes in affect. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1995;35:295–302.
Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W. Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1996–2001.
Van Lunduyt LM, Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Throwing the mountains into the lakes: on the perils of nomothetic conceptions of the exercise-affect relationship. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2000;24:151–69.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haile, L., Gallagher, M., J. Robertson, R. (2015). Application of Perceptual Models to the Measurement of Pain and Affective Responses to Exercise. In: Perceived Exertion Laboratory Manual. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1916-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1917-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)