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Strategic Design of Heterojunction CdS Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen

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Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production

Part of the book series: Nanostructure Science and Technology ((NST,volume 174))

Abstract

A number of photocatalytic semiconductors that can produce hydrogen from water via sunlight or visible light are known. Among them, CdS may be the most appropriate because of its narrow bandgap (~2.5 eV) and suitable conduction band (−0.75 V vs. NHE) and valence band (+1.75 V vs. NHE) levels. Although photocorrosion still limits its widespread applicability, CdS is very useful as a model semiconductor for producing solar hydrogen. To improve the photocatalytic activity of CdS, charge separation and charge injection should be simultaneously considered. The simplest and most effective way to enhance charge separation is to couple with noncorrosive, wide bandgap oxide semiconductors such as TiO2. TiO2 plays a dual role in hybrids as it supports CdS and prevents its aggregation and enhances charge separation by forming a potential gradient at the interface of CdS and TiO2. Importantly, the morphologies of CdS and/or TiO2 greatly influence the overall photocatalytic activity of the hybrids. This chapter will briefly describe the importance of the hybrid configuration in terms of charge separation and morphological effects will be discussed in detail (e.g., CdS bulk/TiO2 nanoparticles, CdS nanoparticles/TiO2 bulk, CdS nanoparticles/TiO2 nanosheets, and CdS nanowires/TiO2 nanoparticles). Charge injection can also be improved by coupling with hydrogen-evolution catalysts (e.g., Pt-group metals). Pt nanoparticles are often deposited on CdS or CdS/TiO2. However, the effects of Pt are diverse and often contradictory. The inconsistencies are most likely related to chemical interactions at the CdS/Pt interface. Instead of expensive Pt-group metals, inexpensive carbon-based materials such as carbon blacks, activated carbons (AC), carbon nanofibers, single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphite oxides, and reduced graphene oxides can be utilized. Carbon-based materials are very attractive because of their unique physicochemical properties such as thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, BET surface area, and sp valence hybrid configuration. Nevertheless, the following questions still remain: Which physicochemical property of carbon-based materials is the primary factor in the catalysis of solar hydrogen in water? Why do carbon-based materials show different catalytic effects? To what extent can the carbon-based materials enhance the production of solar hydrogen? This contribution will address these questions and discuss the diverse effects of carbon-based materials.

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Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the Basic Science Research Programs (Nos. 2012R1A2A2A01004517 and 2011-0021148), Framework of International Cooperation Program (No. 2013K2A1A2052901), and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (KCAP) (No. 2009-0093880) through the National Research Foundation (NRF), Korea.

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  1. Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, South Korea

    Jum Suk Jang

  2. School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea

    Hyunwoong Park

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  1. Jum Suk Jang
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  1. National Centre for Catalysis Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

    Balasubramanian Viswanathan

  2. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Vaidyanathan (Ravi) Subramanian

  3. Pohang University of Science & Tech., Pohang, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Jae Sung Lee

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Jang, J.S., Park, H. (2014). Strategic Design of Heterojunction CdS Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen. In: Viswanathan, B., Subramanian, V., Lee, J. (eds) Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production. Nanostructure Science and Technology, vol 174. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1628-3_1

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