Skip to main content

Hundred Years of Intelligence Testing: Moving from Traditional IQ to Second-Generation Intelligence Tests

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Intelligence

Abstract

This chapter provides an historical perspective on intelligence and IQ testing from 1917 to present day. Traditional IQ tests are compared to second generation measures on several important dimensions including profiles of test scores, fairness to minority groups, and relevance to academic interventions. The PASS neurocognitive theory of intelligence as measured by the Cognitive Assessment System (First and Second Editions) is described as having the strongest research base and the most viable approach.

“Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.”–Ralph Waldo Emerson

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boake, C. (2002). From the Binet-Simon to the Wechsler-Bellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 383–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (2000). Commentary on profile analysis. School Psychology Quarterly, 15, 449–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P. (1999). PASS reading enhancement program. Deal: Sarka Educational Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., Naglieri, J. A., & Kirby, J. R. (1994). Assessment of cognitive processes. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., Janzen, T., & Georgiou, G. K. (2007). Correlates of Canadian native children’s reading performance: From cognitive styles to cognitive processes. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 589–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, F. B. (1959). Interpretation of differences among averages and individual test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 50, 162–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, M. L., & Kuang, H. (2000). Profile patterns: Research and professional interpretation. School Psychology Quarterly, 15, 457–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dombrowski, S. C., & Watkins, M. W. (2013). Exploratory and higher order factor analysis of the WJ-III full test battery: A school-aged analysis. Psychological Assessment 2013, 25(2), 442–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, O. W., & Oakland, T. D. (2006). Factorial invariance of Woodcock-Johnson III scores for African Americans and Caucasians Americans. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24, 358–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. R. (2000). A theory of intelligence as processing: Implications for society. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 168–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, D. P., & Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Essentials of WISC-IV assessment. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., & Young, C. L. (2006). On the irrelevance of intelligence in predicting responsiveness to reading instruction. Exceptional Children, 73, 8–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. (2009). The new executive brain: Frontal lobes in a complex world. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddad, F. A., Garcia, Y. E., Naglieri, J. A., Grimditch, M., McAndrews, A., & Eubanks, J. (2003). Planning facilitation and reading comprehension: Instructional relevance of the PASS theory. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21, 282–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, J. B., Kaufman, A., Naglieri, J. A., & Kavale, K. A. (2006). Implementation of IDEA: Integrating response to intervention and cognitive assessment methods. Psychology in the Schools, 43(7), 753–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American Children. Baltimore: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haung, L. V., Bardos, A. N., & D’Amato, R. C. (2010). Identifying students with learning disabilities: Composite profile analysis using the cognitive assessment system. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28, 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDEA. (2004). Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (P.L. 108–446).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iseman, J., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). A cognitive strategy instruction to improve math calculation for children with ADHD: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44, 184–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1980). Bias in mental testing. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S. (1979). Intelligent testing with the WISC-R. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1983). Kaufman assessment battery for children. Circle Pines: American Guidance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S. (1994). Intelligent testing with the WISC-III. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman assessment battery for children second edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004a). Kaufman assessment battery for children (2nd ed.). Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004b). Kaufman test of educational achievement comprehensive form (2nd ed.). Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. O. (1999). Essentials of WAIS-III assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., Lichtenberger, E. O., Fletcher-Janzen, E., & Kaufman, N. L. (2005). Essentials of KABC-II assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, J. R., & Williams, N. H. (1991). Learning problems: A cognitive approach. Toronto: Kagan and Woo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinger, L., O’Kelly, S. E., & Mussey, J. L. (2009). Assessment of intellectual functioning in Autism spectrum disorders. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & S. Ozonoff (Eds.), The assessment of autism spectrum disorders (pp. 209–252). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberger, E. O., Sotelo-Dynega, M., & Kaufman, A. S. (2009). The Kaufman assessment battery for children – second edition. In J. A. Naglieri & S. Goldstein (Eds.), A practitioner’s guide to assessment of intelligence and achievement. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1963). Restoration of function after brain injury. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1966/1980). Higher cortical functions in man (2nd ed., Revised and Expanded). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markwardt, F. C. (1997). Peabody individual achievement test-revised (PIAT-R). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matarazzo, J. (1972). Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (5th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, P. A., Fantuzzo, J. W., & Glutting, J. J. (1990). Just say no to subtest analysis: A critique on Wechsler theory and practice. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 8(3), 290–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A. (1986). WISC-R and K-ABC comparison for matched samples of Black and White children. Journal of School Psychology, 24, 81–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A. (1999). Essentials of CAS assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A. (2000). Can profile analysis of ability test scores work? An illustration using the PASS theory and CAS with an unselected cohort. School Psychology Quarterly, 15, 419–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A. (2003). Fair assessment of gifted minority children using the NNAT. Gifted Education Press Quarterly, 17, 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Conway, C. (2009). The cognitive assessment system. In J. A. Naglieri & S. Goldstein (Eds.), A practioner’s guide to assessment of intelligence and achievement (pp. 3–10). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A. (2011). The discrepancy/consistency approach to SLD identification using the PASS theory. In D. P. Flanagan & V. C. Alfonso (Eds.), Essentials of specific learning disability identification (pp. 145–172). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Bornstein, B. T. (2003). Intelligence and achievement: Just how correlated are they? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21, 244–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Das, J. P. (1997). Cognitive assessment system. Itasca: Riverside Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Das, J. P. (2001). The Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System in theory and practice. In J. Andrews (Ed.), Ability, achievement, and behavior assessment: A practical handbook (pp. 36–68).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Goldstein, S. (2011). Assessment of cognitive and neuropsychological processes. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & M. DeVries (Eds.), Understanding and managing learning disabilities and ADHD in adolescence and adulthood (2nd ed., pp. 137–160). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Gottling, S. H. (1995). A cognitive education approach to math instruction for the learning disabled: An individual study. Psychological Reports, 76, 1343–1354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Gottling, S. H. (1997). Mathematics instruction and PASS cognitive processes: An intervention study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 513–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Johnson, D. (2000). Effectiveness of a cognitive strategy intervention to improve math calculation based on the PASS theory. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, 591–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Kaufman, A. S. (2008). IDEIA 2004 and specific learning disabilities: What role does intelligence play? In E. Grigorenko (Ed.), Educating individuals with disabilities: IDEIA 2004 and beyond (pp. 165–195). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Otero, T. (2011). Cognitive assessment system: Redefining intelligence from a neuropsychological perspective. In A. Davis (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric neuropsychology (pp. 320–333). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Paolitto, A. W. (2005). Ipsative comparisons of WISC-IV index scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 208–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Pickering, E. B. (2003). Helping children learn: Intervention handouts for use at school and home. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Pickering, E. (2010). Helping children learn: Intervention handouts for use in school and at home (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., & Rojahn, J. R. (2004). Validity of the PASS theory and CAS: Correlations with achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96,174–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., Rojahn, J. R., Matto, H. C., & Aquilino, S. A. (2005). Black white differences in intelligence: A study of the PASS theory and cognitive assessment system. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 23,146–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., Goldstein, S., Delauder, B. Y., & Schwebach, A. (2006a). WISC-III and CAS: Which correlates higher with achievement for a clinical sample? School Psychology Quarterly, 21, 62–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., Rojahn, J., & Matto, H. (2007). Hispanic and non-Hispanic children’s performance on PASS cognitive processes and achievement. Intelligence, 35, 568–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., Otero, T., DeLauder, B., & Matto, H. (2007). Bilingual Hispanic children’s performance on the English and Spanish versions of the cognitive assessment system. School Psychology Quarterly, 22, 432–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J. A., Das, J. P., & Goldstein, S. (2014). Cognitive assessment system (2nd ed.). Austin: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, L. (2009). The Wechsler intelligence scale for children. In J. A. Naglieri & S. Goldstein (Eds.), A practitioner’s guide to assessment of intelligence and achievement (4th ed., pp. 153–190). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otis, A. S. (1918). An absolute point scale for the group measurement of intelligence. https://ia600401.us.archive.org/28/items/cu31924073896650/cu31924073896650.pdf. Reprinted from the Journal of Educational Psychology, IX.

  • Otis, A. S., & Lennon, R. T. (1979). Otis-Lennon school ability test. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintner, R. (1923). Intelligence testing. New York: Henry Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. P., & Woloshyn, V. (1995). Cognitive strategy instruction that really improves children’s academic performance (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Brookline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prifitera, A., & Saklofske, D. (1998). WISC-III clinical use and interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner perspectives. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, R. R., & de la Cruz, G. P. (2002). The Hispanic population in the United States: March 2002 (Current population reports, P20-545). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. (2003). Stanford-Binet (5th ed.). Itasca: Riverside.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheid, K. (1993). Helping students become strategic learners. Cambridge, MA: Brookline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, N. J., & Ashman, A. F. (1987). The cognitive processing of gifted, high average, and low average ability students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, A. B. (1982). Pattern analysis as simultaneous statistical inference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 234–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, A. B. (1993). Type I, Type II, and other types of errors in pattern analysis. Psychological Assessment, 5, 72–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, J. M. (1988). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, L. A., & Valencia, R. R. (1997). Race-ethnicity and measured intelligence. American Psychologist, 52, 1103–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1939). Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (4th ed.). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2005). Wechsler individual achievement test (WIAT II) (2nd ed.). London: The Psychological Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (5th ed.). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, L. G., Saklofske, D. H., Prifitera, A., & Holdnack, J. A. (2006). WISC-IV advanced clinical interpretation. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson revised tests of cognitive ability: Standard and supplemental batteries. Itasca: Riverside Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendling, B. J., Mather, N., & Shrank, F. A. (2009). Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. In J. A. Naglieri & S. Goldstein (Eds.), A practitioner’s guide to assessment of intelligence and achievement (pp. 191–232). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. Itasca: Riverside Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yerkes, R. M. (1921). Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences Volume XV. Washigton: Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoakum, C. S., & Yerkes, R. M. (1920). Army mental tests. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jack A. Naglieri Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Naglieri, J.A. (2015). Hundred Years of Intelligence Testing: Moving from Traditional IQ to Second-Generation Intelligence Tests. In: Goldstein, S., Princiotta, D., Naglieri, J. (eds) Handbook of Intelligence. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1562-0_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics