Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radiation Therapy for Orbital Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Orbital Tumors

  • 1580 Accesses

Abstract

Radiation therapy has played an important role in the management of benign and malignant orbital tumors. These include sinus, intraocular and adnexal tumors, those with orbital extension and orbital inflammatory processes. While external beam radiation therapy is the gold standard in treatment of orbital tumors, new techniques such as brachytherapy boost appear to increase local control and decrease secondary radiation complications. This chapter details the common modalities of radiation utilized in treatment of orbital tumors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kaushik M, Pulido JS, Schild SE, Stafford S. Risk of radiation retinopathy in patients with orbital and ocular lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(5):1145–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Paik JS, Cho WK, Lee SE, et al. Ophthalmologic outcomes after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in non-conjunctival ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(9):1393–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Finger PT. Radiation therapy for orbital tumors: concepts, current use, and ophthalmic radiation side effects. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009;54(5):545–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gandhi PD, Fleming JC, Haik BG, Wilson MW. Ophthalmic complications following treatment of paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma in comparison to orbital disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(4):241–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Saeed P, Blank L, Selva D, et al. Primary radiotherapy in progressive optic nerve sheath meningiomas: a long-term follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(5):564–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Berman EL, Donaldson CE, Giblin M, Martin FJ. Outcomes in retinoblastoma, 1974–2005: the Children’s Hospital, Westmead. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2007;35(1):5–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shildkrot Y, Kirzhner M, Haik BG, Qaddoumi I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Wilson MW. The effect of cancer therapies on pediatric anophthalmic sockets. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(12):2480–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Finger PT, Mukkamala SK. Intravitreal anti-VEGF bevacizumab (Avastin) for external beam related radiation retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(4):446–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barabino S, Raghavan A, Loeffler J, Dana R. Radiotherapy-induced ocular surface disease. Cornea. 2005;24(8):909–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Eldebawy E, Parker W, Abdel Rahman W, Freeman CR. Dosimetric study of current treatment options for radiotherapy in retinoblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(3):e501–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schulz-Ertner D, Nikoghosyan A, Didinger B, et al. Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques. Cancer. 2005;104(2):338–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhou P, Ng AK, Silver B, Li S, Hua L, Mauch PM. Radiation therapy for orbital lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(3):866–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Arthur DW, Zwicker RD, Garmon PW, Huang DT, Schmidt-Ullrich RK. Electron/photon matched field technique for treatment of orbital disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37(2):469–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Olsen DR, Backaert L, Evensen JF. Abutting orthogonal electron and photon beams in the head and neck region using asymmetrical photon beam edges. Acta Oncol. 1997;36(6):585–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rootman DB, Rootman J, Gregory S, Feldman KA, Ma R. Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy for cavernous venous malformations (hemangioma) of the orbit. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;28(2):96–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bloch O, Sun M, Kaur G, Barani IJ, Parsa AT. Fractionated radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningiomas. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19(9):1210–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kim CY, Lee SY. Orbital paraganglioma: gamma knife surgery as a therapeutic option. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(4):1127–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Krasin MJ, Crawford BT, Zhu Y, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for children with intraocular retinoblastoma: potential sparing of the bony orbit. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2004;16(3):215–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hug EB, Adams J, Fitzek M, De Vries A, Munzenrider JE. Fractionated, three-dimensional, planning-assisted proton-radiation therapy for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma: a novel technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47(4):979–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Douglas JG, Laramore GE, Austin-Seymour M, Koh W, Stelzer K, Griffin TW. Treatment of locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck with neutron radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46(3):551–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW. Perez and Brady’s principles and practice of radiation oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Perez CA, Brady LW. Principles and practice of radiation oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Ravens; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Purdy JA. Advances in three-dimensional treatment planning and conformal dose delivery. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(6):655–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Eldesoky I, Attalla EM, Elshemey WM, Zaghloul MS. A comparison of three commercial IMRT treatment planning systems for selected paediatric cases. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2012;13(2):3742.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Berry JL, Jubran R, Kim JW, et al. Long-term outcomes of Group D eyes in bilateral retinoblastoma patients treated with chemoreduction and low-dose IMRT salvage. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(4):688–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Atalar B, Ozyar E, Gunduz K, Gungor G. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in bilateral retinoblastoma. Radiol Oncol. 2010;44(3):194–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Holt A, Van Gestel D, Arends MP, et al. Multi-institutional comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy vs. intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer: a planning study. Radiat Oncol. 2013;8(1):26.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Leksell L. The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand. 1951;102(4):316–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Steiner L, Leksell L, Forster DM, Greitz T, Backlund EO. Stereotactic radiosurgery in intracranial arterio-venous malformations. Acta Neurochir. 1974;Suppl 21:195–209.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hirschbein MJ, Collins S, Jean WC, Chang SD, Adler Jr JR. Treatment of intraorbital lesions using the Accuray CyberKnife system. Orbit. 2008;27(2):97–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bianciotto C, Shields CL, Lally SE, Freire J, Shields JA. CyberKnife radiosurgery for the treatment of intraocular and periocular lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(12):1561–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gear HC, Kemp EG, Kacperek A, Errington RD. Treatment of recurrent orbital haemangiopericytoma with surgery and proton beam therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(1):123–4.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Vidor I, Sivak-Callcott JA, Rosen CL, Rassekh CH, Williams HJ, Ellis BD. Chordoma of the anterior cranial fossa and ethmoids with orbital involvement. Orbit. 2008;27(6):444–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. McDerby MJ, John NW, Brunt JN, Kacperek A. Modelling concepts of proton eye radiotherapy. Physiol Meas. 2001;22(3):611–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stelzer KJ, Laramore GE, Griffin TW, et al. Fast neutron radiotherapy. The University of Washington experience. Acta Oncol. 1994;33(3):275–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Huber PE, Debus J, Latz D, et al. Radiotherapy for advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma: neutrons, photons or mixed beam? Radiother Oncol. 2001;59(2):161–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Xu Y, Garty G, Marino SA, et al. Novel neutron sources at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility. J Instrum. 2012;7(3):1. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/7/03/C03031.

  38. Strege RJ, Kovacs G, Meyer JE, et al. Perioperative intensity-modulated brachytherapy for refractory orbital rhabdomyosarcomas in children. Strahlenther Onkol. 2009;185(12):789–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Blank LE, Koedooder K, van der Grient HN, et al. Brachytherapy as part of the multidisciplinary treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(5):1463–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lin KL, Tena LB, Finger PT. Orbital brachytherapy for extrascleral extension of choroidal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(11):1438–9.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Finger PT, Chin KJ, Duvall G. Palladium-103 for Choroidal Melanoma Study G. Palladium-103 ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma: 400 treated patients. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(4):790–6. 796.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pritz J, Forster KM, Saini AS, Biagioli MC, Zhang GG. Providing a fast conversion of total dose to biological effective dose (BED) for hybrid seed brachytherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2012;13(5):3800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mierzwa ML, Barrett WL, Gluckman JL. Radiation therapy for recurrent orbital hemangioma. Head Neck. 2003;25(5):412–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Thompson TP, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. Radiosurgery for hemangiomas of the cavernous sinus and orbit: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(3):778–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wiwatwongwana D, Rootman J. Management of optic neuropathy from an apical orbital-cavernous sinus hemangioma with radiotherapy. Orbit. 2008;27(3):219–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rades D, Bajrovic A, Alberti W, Rudat V. Is there a dose-effect relationship for the treatment of symptomatic vertebral hemangioma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55(1):178–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Phung TL, Hochman M. Pathogenesis of infantile hemangioma. Facial Plast Surg. 2012;28(6):554–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bertrand J, McCuaig C, Dubois J, Hatami A, Ondrejchak S, Powell J. Propranolol versus prednisone in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective comparative study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(6):649–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Snir M, Reich U, Siegel R, et al. Refractive and structural changes in infantile periocular capillary haemangioma treated with propranolol. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(12):1627–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gawley SD, Bingham EA, McGinnity G. Visual outcomes of treated periocular capillary haemangiomas in childhood: a 10-year review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(4):396–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Haik BG, Karcioglu ZA, Gordon RA, Pechous BP. Capillary hemangioma (infantile periocular hemangioma). Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38(5):399–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ogino I, Torikai K, Kobayasi S, Aida N, Hata M, Kigasawa H. Radiation therapy for life- or function-threatening infant hemangioma. Radiology. 2001;218(3):834–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wilde G, Sjostrand J. A clinical study of radiation cataract formation in adult life following gamma irradiation of the lens in early childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(4):261–6.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Wisnicki JL. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;12(1):41–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Plowman PN, Harnett AN. Radiotherapy in benign orbital disease. I: Complicated ocular angiomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72(4):286–8.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Plowman PN, Hungerford JL. Radiotherapy for ocular angiomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(4):258–9.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Kirova YM, Belembaogo E, Frikha H, et al. Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma: a retrospective study of 643 cases. Radiother Oncol. 1998;46(1):19–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Singh NB, Lakier RH, Donde B. Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma—a prospective randomized trial. Radiother Oncol. 2008;88(2):211–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Greber H, Wessing A, Alberti W, Scherer E. Successful treatment of choroid hemangioma with secondary changes caused by Sturge-Weber syndrome. Klin Monbl Augenheilkund. 1984;185(4):276–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Shuler JD, Holland GN, Miles SA, Miller BJ, Grossman I. Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva and eyelids associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(6):858–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Mossanen A, Robertson DM. Neurological involvement in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Can Med Assoc J. 1969;100(10):481–4.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Baumann S, Geier SA, Thoma-Gerber E, Noehl MA, Klauss V, Goebel FD. Human immunodeficiency virus-related microvasculopathy and Kaposi’s sarcoma: a case-control study. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1995;4(4):239–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gokmen Soysal H, Ardic F. Malignant conjunctival tumors invading the orbit. Ophthalmologica. 2008;222(5):338–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chu Y, Liu HG, Yu ZK. Patterns and incidence of sinonasal malignancy with orbital invasion. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(9):1638–42.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zeitouni NC, Raghu PR, Mansour TN. Orbital invasion by periocular infiltrating Basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(12):2025–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Soysal HG, Markoc F. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital region. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(3):325–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Connor M, Droll L, Ivan D, et al. Management of perineural invasion in sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(5):356–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dithmar S, Meldrum ML, Murray DR, Grossniklaus HE. Desmoplastic spindle-cell melanoma of the eyelid with orbital invasion. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(2):134–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hsu A, Frank SJ, Ballo MT, et al. Postoperative adjuvant external-beam radiation therapy for cancers of the eyelid and conjunctiva. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;24(6):444–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Graue GF, Tena LB, Finger PT. Electron beam radiation for conjunctival squamous carcinoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(4):277–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rodriguez JM, Deutsch GP. The treatment of periocular basal cell carcinomas by radiotherapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(4):195–7.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ogawa K, Toita T, Kakinohana Y, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: analysis of local control and late complications. Oncol Rep. 2001;8(2):315–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kanoto M, Oda A, Hosoya T, et al. Impact of superselective transarterial infusion therapy of high-dose cisplatin on maxillary cancer with orbital invasion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(8):1390–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hata M, Koike I, Maegawa J, et al. Radiation therapy for primary carcinoma of the eyelid: tumor control and visual function. Strahlenther Onkol. 2012;188(12):1102–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zygogianni A, Kyrgias G, Kouvaris J, et al. Impact of acute radiation induced toxicity of glutamine administration in several hypofractionated irradiation schedules for head and neck carcinoma. Head Neck Oncol. 2012;4(5):86.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bowyer JD, Sullivan TJ, Whitehead KJ, Kelly LE, Allison RW. The management of perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma to the ocular adnexae. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;19(4):275–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Muqit MM, Roberts F, Lee WR, Kemp E. Improved survival rates in sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(1):49–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Esmaeli B, Nasser QJ, Cruz H, Fellman M, Warneke CL, Ivan D. American Joint Committee on Cancer T category for eyelid sebaceous carcinoma correlates with nodal metastasis and survival. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):1078–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rao NA, Hidayat AA, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE. Sebaceous carcinomas of the ocular adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases, with five-year follow-up data. Hum Pathol. 1982;13(2):113–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Song A, Carter KD, Syed NA, Song J, Nerad JA. Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the ocular adnexa: clinical presentations, histopathology, and outcomes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;24(3):194–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Saito A, Tsutsumida A, Furukawa H, Saito N, Yamamoto Y. Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids: a review of 21 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(11):1328–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hata M, Koike I, Omura M, Maegawa J, Ogino I, Inoue T. Noninvasive and curative radiation therapy for sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(2):605–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Freire J, Brady LW, DePotter P, et al. Eye. In: Perez CA, Brady LW, editors. Principles and practice of radiation oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 867–96.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Pardo FS, Borodic G. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing definitive radiation therapy for sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexae. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34(5):1189–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Pardo FS, Wang CC, Albert D, Stracher MA. Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa: radiotherapeutic management. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17(3):643–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Jung SH, Ferrer AD, Vela JS, Granados FA. Spheno-orbital meningioma resection and reconstruction: the role of piezosurgery and premolded titanium mesh. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2011;4(4):193–200.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Swain Jr RE, Kingdom TT, DelGaudio JM, Muller S, Grist WJ. Meningiomas of the paranasal sinuses. Am J Rhinol. 2001;15(1):27–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Boulos PT, Dumont AS, Mandell JW, Jane Sr JA. Meningiomas of the orbit: contemporary considerations. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10(5):E5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Gaillard S, Lejeune JP, Pellerin P, Pertuzon B, Dhellemmes P, Christiaens JL. [Long-term results of the surgical treatment of spheno-orbital osteomeningioma]. Neurochirurgie. 1995;41(6):391–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Nagatani K, Takeuchi S, Otani N, Nawashiro H. Surgical management of spheno-orbital meningiomas. Acta Neurochir. 2011;153(7):1541; author reply 1539–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Liu JK, Forman S, Hershewe GL, Moorthy CR, Benzil DL. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas: visual improvement after stereotactic radiotherapy. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(5):950–5; discussion 955–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Turbin RE, Thompson CR, Kennerdell JS, Cockerham KP, Kupersmith MJ. A long-term visual outcome comparison in patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma managed with observation, surgery, radiotherapy, or surgery and radiotherapy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(5):890–9; discussion 899–900.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gehler B, Paulsen F, Oksuz MO, et al. [68Ga]-DOTATOC-PET/CT for meningioma IMRT treatment planning. Radiat Oncol. 2009;4:56.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Eng TY, Albright NW, Kuwahara G, et al. Precision radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;22(5):1093–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Pitz S, Becker G, Schiefer U, et al. Stereotactic fractionated irradiation of optic nerve sheath meningioma: a new treatment alternative. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(11):1265–8.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Wara WM, Sheline GE, Newman H, Townsend JJ, Boldrey EB. Radiation therapy of meningiomas. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;123(3):453–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mirimanoff RO, Dosoretz DE, Linggood RM, Ojemann RG, Martuza RL. Meningioma: analysis of recurrence and progression following neurosurgical resection. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(1):18–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Maroon JC, Kennerdell JS, Vidovich DV, Abla A, Sternau L. Recurrent spheno-orbital meningioma. J Neurosurg. 1994;80(2):202–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Sheikh BY, Siqueira E, Dayel F. Meningioma in children: a report of nine cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1996;45(4):328–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Walther E, Gloor B. Radiotherapy of malignant tumours of the orbit (author’s transl). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1979;174(6):959–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Goldsmith BJ, Wara WM, Wilson CB, Larson DA. Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas. A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990. J Neurosurg. 1994;80(2):195–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Andrews DW, Faroozan R, Yang BP, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of optic nerve sheath meningiomas: preliminary observations of 33 optic nerves in 30 patients with historical comparison to observation with or without prior surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(4):890–902; discussion 903–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Saeed P, Rootman J, Nugent RA, White VA, Mackenzie IR, Koornneef L. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(10):2019–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Stieber VW. Radiation therapy for visual pathway tumors. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28(3):222–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Liang CL, Lu K, Liliang PC, Chen HJ. Gamma Knife surgery for optic glioma. Report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(Suppl):44–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Schindera C, Wingeier K, Goeggel Simonetti B, et al. Macrocephaly in neurofibromatosis type 1: a sign post for optic pathway gliomas? Child’s Nerv Syst. 2011;27(12):2107–11.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Shaikh F, Johnston D, Michaud J, Hurteau J, Vassilyadi M, Keene D. Extensive central nervous system involvement in optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57(4):688–6690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Han SR, Kim KN, Yee GT, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy using Novalis for confined intra-orbital optic nerve glioma in pediatric patient. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(5):867–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Cohen ME, Duffner PK. Optic pathway tumors. Neurol Clin. 1991;9(2):467–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kelly JP, Leary S, Khanna P, Weiss AH. Longitudinal measures of visual function, tumor volume, and prediction of visual outcomes after treatment of optic pathway gliomas. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(6):1231–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mishra MV, Andrews DW, Glass J, et al. Characterization and outcomes of optic nerve gliomas: a population-based analysis. J Neurooncol. 2012;107(3):591–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Grabenbauer GG, Schuchardt U, Buchfelder M, et al. Radiation therapy of optico-hypothalamic gliomas (OHG)—radiographic response, vision and late toxicity. Radiother Oncol. 2000;54(3):239–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Taylor RE, et al. Current and future strategies in radiotherapy of childhood low-grade glioma of the brain Part I: treatment modalities of radiation therapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2003;179(8):509–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Avery RA, Fisher MJ, Liu GT. Optic pathway gliomas. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31(3):269–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Fuss M, Hug EB, Schaefer RA, et al. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) for pediatric optic pathway gliomas: comparison with 3D planned conventional photons and a standard photon technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45(5):1117–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lim YJ, Leem W. Two cases of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for low-grade optic chiasm glioma. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1996;66 Suppl 1:174–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Regueiro CA, Ruiz MV, Millan I, de la Torre A, Romero J, Aragon G. Prognostic factors and results of radiation therapy in optic pathway tumors. Tumori. 1996;82(4):353–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Khafaga Y, Hassounah M, Kandil A, et al. Optic gliomas: a retrospective analysis of 50 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56(3):807–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Goldberg RA, Rootman J, Cline RA. Tumors metastatic to the orbit: a changing picture. Surv Ophthalmol. 1990;35(1):1–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Rosenberg C, Finger PT. Cutaneous malignant melanoma metastatic to the eye, lids, and orbit. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53(3):187–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Shields JA, Shields CL, Brotman HK, Carvalho C, Perez N, Eagle Jr RC. Cancer metastatic to the orbit: the 2000 Robert M. Curts Lecture. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;17(5):346–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Gunalp I, Gunduz K. Metastatic orbital tumors. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1995;39(1):65–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Amemiya T, Hayashida H, Dake Y. Metastatic orbital tumors in Japan: a review of the literature. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002;9(1):35–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Valenzuela AA, Archibald CW, Fleming B, et al. Orbital metastasis: clinical features, management and outcome. Orbit. 2009;28(2–3):153–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Yan J, Gao S. Metastatic orbital tumors in southern China during an 18-year period. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(9):1387–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Finger PT. Minimally invasive anterior orbitotomy biopsy: finger’s aspiration cutter technique (FACT). Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(3):309–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Quick AM, Bloomston M, Kim EY, Hall NC, Mayr NA. Complete response to radiation therapy of orbital metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(47):6000–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Atasoy BM, Cetin IA, Bozkurt SU, Turhal NS. Metastasis to paranasal sinuses and orbita of breast cancer with a rare metachronous tumor of the uterine cervix. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(1):e64–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Amichetti M, Caffo O, Minatel E, et al. Ocular metastases from breast carcinoma: a multicentric retrospective study. Oncol Rep. 2000;7(4):761–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Glassburn JR, Klionsky M, Brady LW. Radiation therapy for metastatic disease involving the orbit. Am J Clin Oncol. 1984;7(2):145–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Ratanatharathorn V, Powers WE, Grimm J, et al. Eye metastasis from carcinoma of the breast: diagnosis, radiation treatment and results. Cancer Treat Rev. 1991;18(4):261–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Kurli M, Finger PT, Schneider S, Tena LB. Eyelid-sparing adjuvant radiation therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220(3):198–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Chung EM, Smirniotopoulos JG, Specht CS, Schroeder JW, Cube R. From the archives of the AFIP: pediatric orbit tumors and tumorlike lesions: nonosseous lesions of the extraocular orbit. Radiographics. 2007;27(6):1777–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Li FP, Fraumeni Jr JF. Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: epidemiologic study and identification of a familial cancer syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1969;43(6):1365–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Shields JA, Bakewell B, Augsburger JJ, Donoso LA, Bernardino V. Space-occupying orbital masses in children. A review of 250 consecutive biopsies. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(3):379–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. American Joint Committee on Cancer - Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force. Sarcoma of the orbit. In: Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 577–81.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Dharmarajan KV, Wexler LH, Wolden SL. Concurrent radiation with irinotecan and carboplatin in intermediate- and high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: a report on toxicity and efficacy from a prospective pilot phase II study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(2):242–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Zwerger S, Gunther L, Pekrun A, Krause HR, Rustemeyer J. A strategy to avoid facial mutilation in orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;14(4):233–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Combs SE, Behnisch W, Kulozik AE, Huber PE, Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy (FSRT) for children with head-and-neck-rhabdomyosarcoma. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:177.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Sagerman RH, Cassady JR, Tretter P. Radiation therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1968;72(6):849–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Schuller DE, Lawrence TL, Newton Jr WA. Childhood rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol. 1979;105(12):689–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Haik BG, Jereb B, Smith ME, Ellsworth RM, McCormick B. Radiation and chemotherapy of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma involving the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(8):1001–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, et al. Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III, 1984–1991. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;34(6):413–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tse DT. Clinical and microdissection genotyping analyses of the effect of intra-arterial cytoreductive chemotherapy in the treatment of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2005;103:337–67.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Esmaeli B, Ahmadi MA, Youssef A, et al. Outcomes in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(1):22–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Esmaeli B, Golio D, Kies M, DeMonte F. Surgical management of locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(5):366–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Marsh JL, Wise DM, Smith M, Schwartz H. Lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: intracranial and extracranial en bloc resection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;68(4):577–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Finger PT, Marin JP, Berson AM, Kedhar S, McCormick SA. Choroidal metastasis from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(2):239–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Wilson KF, Ward PD, Spector ME, Marentette LJ. Orbitocranial approach for treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2011;120(6):397–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Garden AS, Weber RS, Morrison WH, Ang KK, Peters LJ. The influence of positive margins and nerve invasion in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32(3):619–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Tse DT, Benedetto P, Dubovy S, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ. Clinical analysis of the effect of intraarterial cytoreductive chemotherapy in the treatment of lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(1):44–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Baldini L, Blini M, Guffanti A, et al. Treatment and prognosis in a series of primary extranodal lymphomas of the ocular adnexa. Ann Oncol. 1998;9(7):779–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Lederman M. Radiotherapy of primary malignant tumours of the orbit. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;14:170–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, Pintilie M, et al. Stage I and II MALT lymphoma: results of treatment with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(5):1258–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Esmaeli B, McLaughlin P, Pro B, et al. Prospective trial of targeted radioimmunotherapy with Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) for front-line treatment of early-stage extranodal indolent ocular adnexal lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(4):709–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Shome D, Esmaeli B. Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy and radioimmunotherapy for lymphoproliferative disorders of the ocular adnexa. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008;19(5):414–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Bischof M, Zierhut D, Neuhof D, et al. Indolent stage IE non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the orbit: results after primary radiotherapy. Ophthalmologica. 2007;221(5):348–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Keleti D, Flickinger JC, Hobson SR, Mittal BB. Radiotherapy of lymphoproliferative diseases of the orbit. Surveillance of 65 cases. Am J Clin Oncol. 1992;15(5):422–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Rasmussen PK, Coupland SE, Finger PT, et al. Ocular Adnexal Follicular Lymphoma: A Multicenter International Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(7):851–8.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Auw-Haedrich C, Coupland SE, Kapp A, Schmitt-Graff A, Buchen R, Witschel H. Long term outcome of ocular adnexal lymphoma subtyped according to the REAL classification. Revised European and American Lymphoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(1):63–9.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. American Joint Committee on Cancer–Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force. Ocular adnexal lymphoma (Chapter 55). In: Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 583–9.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Kennerdell JS, Flores NE, Hartsock RJ. Low-dose radiotherapy for lymphoid lesions of the orbit and ocular adnexa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(2):129–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Bolek TW, Moyses HM, Marcus Jr RB, et al. Radiotherapy in the management of orbital lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44(1):31–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Moshfeghi DM, Finger PT, Cohen RB, Choe W, Smilari T. Visual recovery after radiation therapy of orbital lymphoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114(5):645–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Graue GF, Finger PT, Maher E, et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma staging and treatment: American Joint Committee on Cancer versus Ann Arbor. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2013;23(3):344–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Sauerwein W, Hoederath A, Sack H. Radiotherapy of primary orbital lymphomas. Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1997;30:192–4.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Pfeffer MR, Rabin T, Tsvang L, Goffman J, Rosen N, Symon Z. Orbital lymphoma: is it necessary to treat the entire orbit? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(2):527–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Martinet S, Ozsahin M, Belkacemi Y, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in orbital lymphoma: a Rare Cancer Network study on 90 consecutive patients treated with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55(4):892–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Fung CY, Tarbell NJ, Lucarelli MJ, et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: clinical behavior of distinct World Health Organization classification subtypes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57(5):1382–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Sullivan TJ, Grimes D, Bunce I. Monoclonal antibody treatment of orbital lymphoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(2):103–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Fujii H, Fujisada H, Kondo T, Takahashi T, Okada S. Orbital pseudotumor: histopathological classification and treatment. Ophthalmologica. 1985;190(4):230–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Wilson MW, Czechonska G, Finger PT, Rausen A, Hooper ME, Haik BG. Chemotherapy for eye cancer. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45(5):416–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Abad S, Badelon I, Le Toumelin P, et al. Management of orbital inflammation in internal medicine: a retrospective case series of 29 patients. Rev Med Interne. 2012;33(2):69–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. O’Donnell B. Management of orbital inflammation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(8):1043.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mendenhall WM, Lessner AM. Orbital pseudotumor. Am J Clin Oncol. 2010;33(3):304–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Matthiesen C, Bogardus Jr C, Thompson JS, et al. The efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of orbital pseudotumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(5):1496–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Lee JH, Kim YS, Yang SW, et al. Radiotherapy with or without surgery for patients with idiopathic sclerosing orbital inflammation refractory or intolerant to steroid therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(1):52–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Donaldson SS, McDougall IR, Egbert PR, Enzmann DR, Kriss JP. Treatment of orbital pseudotumor (idiopathic orbital inflammation) by radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980;6(1):79–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Weissler MC, Miller E, Fortune MA. Sclerosing orbital pseudotumor: a unique clinicopathologic entity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989;98(7 Pt 1):496–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Viestenz A, Colombo F, Holbach LM. [Orbital exenteration in therapy-resistant painful scleritis-associated inflammation of orbital soft tissues]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2002;219(6):462–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Prabhu RS, Liebman L, Wojno T, Hayek B, Hall WA, Crocker I. Clinical outcomes of radiotherapy as initial local therapy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and predictors of the need for post-radiotherapy decompressive surgery. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:95.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Iyer S, Bahn R. Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the role of the TSH receptor. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(3):281–9.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Behbehani R, Sergott RC, Savino PJ. Orbital radiotherapy for thyroid-related orbitopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15(6):479–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Bruno-Bossio G, Pinchera A. Role of orbital radiotherapy in the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1991;97(2–3):332–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Tanda ML, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous or oral glucocorticoids associated with orbital radiotherapy in the management of severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy: results of a prospective, single-blind, randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3562–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Kahaly GJ, Rosler HP, Pitz S, Hommel G. Low- versus high-dose radiotherapy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a randomized, single blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(1):102–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Hurbli T, Char DH, Harris J, Weaver K, Greenspan F, Sheline G. Radiation therapy for thyroid eye diseases. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99(6):633–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Kuhnt T, Muller AC, Janich M, et al. Radiotherapy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkund. 2004;221(11):915–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Bruno-Bossio G, et al. Orbital radiotherapy in the treatment of endocrine ophthalmopathy: when and why? Dev Ophthalmol. 1993;25:131–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Marcocci C, Marino M, Rocchi R, Menconi F, Morabito E, Pinchera A. Novel aspects of immunosuppressive and radiotherapy management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(3):272–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Sandler HM, Rubenstein JH, Fowble BL, Sergott RC, Savino PJ, Bosley TM. Results of radiotherapy for thyroid ophthalmopathy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17(4):823–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Smitt MC, Donaldson SS. Radiation therapy for benign disease of the orbit. Semin Radiat Oncol. 1999;9(2):179–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Rocchi R, et al. Long-term safety of orbital radiotherapy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(8):3561–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Rajendram R, Bunce C, Lee RW, Morley AM. Orbital radiotherapy for adult thyroid eye disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7, CD007114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Wakelkamp IM, Tan H, Saeed P, et al. Orbital irradiation for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: is it safe? A long-term follow-up study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(8):1557–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Giuliari GP, Sadaka A. Uveal metastatic disease: current and new treatment options (review). Oncol Rep. 2012;27(3):603–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Soysal HG. Metastatic tumors of the uvea in 38 eyes. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42(6):832–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Shields CL, Shields JA, Gross NE, Schwartz GP, Lally SE. Survey of 520 eyes with uveal metastases. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(8):1265–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Wiegel T, Bottke D, Kreusel KM, et al. External beam radiotherapy of choroidal metastases—final results of a prospective study of the German Cancer Society (ARO 95-08). Radiother Oncol. 2002;64(1):13–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Prabhash K, Pandey A, Kar R, Munshi A, Naronah V, Agarwal JP. Bilateral visual blurring as the first symptom of extra-cranial metastatic lung carcinoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2012;33(1):48–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Reddy S, Finger PT. Unilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (DUMP). Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(12):1726–7.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Moshfeghi DM, Moshfeghi AA, Finger PT. Enucleation. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;44(4):277–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Malaviya L, Shields CL, Turaka K, Ehya H, Shields JA. Choroidal metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by iodine-125 brachytherapy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(7):1095–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Singh N, Kulkarni P, Aggarwal AN, et al. Choroidal metastasis as a presenting manifestation of lung cancer: a report of 3 cases and systematic review of the literature. Medicine. 2012;91(4):179–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Robertson DM, Campbell RJ, Weaver DT. Residual intrascleral and intraretinal melanoma: a concern with lamellar sclerouvectomy for uveal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(5):590–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Papadopoulou D, Moulin AP, Zografos L, Schalenbourg A. How would you manage this small melanocytic choroidal tumour? Small choroidal melanoma hiding a large extrascleral extension. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(12):1530, 1539–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Hykin PG, McCartney AC, Plowman PN, Hungerford JL. Postenucleation orbital radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant melanoma of the choroid with extrascleral extension. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74(1):36–9.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Finger PT. Radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997;42(3):215–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Finger PT, Tena LB, Semenova E, Aridgides P, Choi W. Extrascleral extension of choroidal melanoma: post-enucleation high dose rate interstitial brachytherapy of the orbit. Brachytherapy. 2014;13(3):275–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Stannard C, Sauerwein W, Maree G, Lecuona K. Radiotherapy for ocular tumours. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(2):119–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Finger PT, Harbour JW, Karcioglu ZA. Risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(1):1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Finger PT, Czechonska G, Demirci H, Rausen A. Chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a current topic. Drugs. 1999;58(6):983–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Merchant TE, Gould CJ, Hilton NE, et al. Ocular preservation after 36 Gy external beam radiation therapy for retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(4):246–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Higgins PD, Gerbi BJ, Macedon M, Dusenbery KE. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for pediatric patients with retinoblastoma. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2006;7(2):9–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Phillips C, Sexton M, Wheeler G, McKenzie J. Retinoblastoma: review of 30 years’ experience with external beam radiotherapy. Australas Radiol. 2003;47(3):226–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Pradhan DG, Sandridge AL, Mullaney P, et al. Radiation therapy for retinoblastoma: a retrospective review of 120 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39(1):3–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Schipper J. Retinoblastoma. A medical and experimental study [thesis]. University of Utrecht; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Schipper J, Alberti W. Late effects of radiation on surviving retinoblastoma patients. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(9):60A–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Stallard H. Radient energy as (a) a pathogenic (b) a therapeutic agent in ophthalmic disorders, The British Journal of Ophthalmology. Monograph Supplement 6. London: Pulman; 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Anteby I, Ramu N, Gradstein L, Miskin H, Pe’er J, Benezra D. Ocular and orbital complications following the treatment of retinoblastoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1998;8(2):106–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Alberti W. Acute and late side effects of radiotherapy for ocular disease: an overview. Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1997;30:281–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Sagerman RH, Alberti WE. Diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma. In: Sagerman RH, Alberti WE, editors. Radiotherapy of intraocular and orbital tumors, vol. 2. Berlin: Springer; 2003. p. 95–118.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Parsons JT, Bova FJ, Fitzgerald CR, Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Radiation retinopathy after external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30(4):765–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Yue NC, Benson ML. The hourglass facial deformity as a consequence of orbital irradiation for bilateral retinoblastoma. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26(6):421–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Krengli M, Hug EB, Adams JA, Smith AR, Tarbell NJ, Munzenrider JE. Proton radiation therapy for retinoblastoma: comparison of various intraocular tumor locations and beam arrangements. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(2):583–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Kaste SC, Chen G, Fontanesi J, Crom DB, Pratt CB. Orbital development in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(3):1183–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Reisner ML, Viegas CM, Grazziotin RZ, et al. Retinoblastoma—comparative analysis of external radiotherapy techniques, including an IMRT technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(3):933–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Sagerman RH, Cassady JR, Tretter P, Ellsworth RM. Radiation induced neoplasia following external beam therapy for children with retinoblastoma. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969;105(3):529–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Cassady JR, Sagerman RH, Tretter P, Ellsworth RM. Radiation therapy in retinoblastoma. An analysis of 230 cases. Radiology. 1969;93(2):405–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Lee CT, Bilton SD, Famiglietti RM, et al. Treatment planning with protons for pediatric retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, and pelvic sarcoma: how do protons compare with other conformal techniques? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(2):362–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Chalupecky H. Uber die wirkung der rontgenstrahlen auf das auge und die haut. Zentralbl Augenheilkd. 1897;21:234.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Birch-Hirschfeld A. Die wirkung der roentgen und radiumstrahlen auf das auge. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1904;59:229–310.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Amman E. Zur Wirkung der Roentgenstrahlen auf das menschliche auge. Korrespondez-Blatt fur Schweizer Artze 15; 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Jeganathan VS, Wirth A, MacManus MP. Ocular risks from orbital and periorbital radiation therapy: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(3):650–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Sagerman RH, Alberti WE. Radiosensitivity of ocular and orbital structures. In: Sagerman RH, Alberti WE, editors. Radiotherapy of intraocular and orbital tumors, vol. 2. Berlin: Springer; 2003. p. 269–81.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Gordon KB, Char DH, Sagerman RH. Late effects of radiation on the eye and ocular adnexa. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31(5):1123–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Safwat A, Bentzen SM, Turesson I, Hendry JH. Deterministic rather than stochastic factors explain most of the variation in the expression of skin telangiectasia after radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52(1):198–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Durkin SR, Roos D, Higgs B, Casson RJ, Selva D. Ophthalmic and adnexal complications of radiotherapy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(3):240–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Parsons JT, Bova FJ, Fitzgerald CR, Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Severe dry-eye syndrome following external beam irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30(4):775–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Stafford SL, Kozelsky TF, Garrity JA, et al. Orbital lymphoma: radiotherapy outcome and complications. Radiother Oncol. 2001;59(2):139–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Brady LW. Ocular complications of high-dose radiotherapy. Oncology. 1996;10(7):981–2, 4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Petousis V, Finger PT, Milman T. Multifocal iris melanoma treated with total anterior segment palladium-103 plaque radiation therapy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(6):937–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Finger PT. Finger’s amniotic membrane buffer technique: protecting the cornea during radiation plaque therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(4):531–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Finger PT. Plaque radiation therapy for malignant melanoma of the iris and ciliary body. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(3):328–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Finger PT, Reddy S, Chin K. High-frequency ultrasound characteristics of 24 iris and iridociliary melanomas: before and after plaque brachytherapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(8):1051–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Finger PT, Chin KJ, Yu GP, Patel NS. Palladium-103 for Choroidal Melanoma Study G. Risk factors for cataract after palladium-103 ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;80(3):800–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study G. Incidence of cataract and outcomes after cataract surgery in the first 5 years after iodine 125 brachytherapy in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS Report No. 27. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(7):1363–71.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Merriam Jr GR, Worgul BV, Medvedovsky C, Zaider M, Rossi HH. Accelerated heavy particles and the lens. I. Cataractogenic potential. Radiat Res. 1984;98(1):129–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Merriam Jr GR, Worgul BV. Experimental radiation cataract—its clinical relevance. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1983;59(4):372–92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Merriam Jr GR, Focht EF. A clinical and experimental study of the effect of single and divided doses of radiation on cataract production. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1962;60:35–52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  251. Merriam Jr GR, Focht EF. Radiation dose to the lens in treatment of tumors of the eye and adjacent structures: possibilities of cataract formation. Radiology. 1958;71(3):357–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Hall P, Granath F, Lundell M, Olsson K, Holm LE. Lenticular opacities in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in infancy. Radiat Res. 1999;152(2):190–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Barman M, Finger PT, Milman T. Scleral patch grafts in the management of uveal and ocular surface tumors. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2631–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Bacin F, Amara S, Kemeny JL, Rozan R, Bard JJ, Donnarieix D. [Comparative study of beta irradiation (106Ru/106Rh) and gamma irradiation (125I) on the rabbit eye]. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212(6):429–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Servodidio CA, Abramson DH. Acute and long-term effects of radiation therapy to the eye in children. Cancer Nurs. 1993;16(5):371–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Foss AJ, Whelehan I, Hungerford JL, et al. Predictive factors for the development of rubeosis following proton beam radiotherapy for uveal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(9):748–54.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  257. Hungerford JL, Foss AJ, Whelahan I, Errington RD, Kacperek A, Kongerud J. Side effects of photon and proton radiotherapy for ocular melanoma. Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1997;30:287–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Radcliffe NM, Finger PT. Eye cancer related glaucoma: current concepts. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009;54(1):47–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Finger PT, Kurli M. Laser photocoagulation for radiation retinopathy after ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(6):730–8.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  260. Finger PT. Radiation retinopathy is treatable with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab (Avastin). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(4):974–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Finger PT, Chin K. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab (avastin) for radiation retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(6):751–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Archer DB, Amoaku WM, Gardiner TA. Radiation retinopathy—clinical, histopathological, ultrastructural and experimental correlations. Eye (Lond). 1991;5(Pt 2):239–51.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Yousef YA, Finger PT. Optical coherence tomography of radiation optic neuropathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2012;43(1):6–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Groenewald C, Konstantinidis L, Damato B. Effects of radiotherapy on uveal melanomas and adjacent tissues. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(2):163–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Desjardins L, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Levy-Gabriel C, et al. Treatment of uveal melanoma by accelerated proton beam. Dev Ophthalmol. 2012;49:41–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Guyer DR, Mukai S, Egan KM, Seddon JM, Walsh SM, Gragoudas ES. Radiation maculopathy after proton beam irradiation for choroidal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(8):1278–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Materin MA, Bianciotto CG, Wu C, Shields CL. Sector laser photocoagulation for the prevention of macular edema after plaque radiotherapy for uveal melanoma: a pilot study. Retina. 2012;32(8):1601–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM, Kitchin FD, Tung G. Second nonocular tumors in retinoblastoma survivors. Are they radiation-induced? Ophthalmology. 1984;91(11):1351–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Brauner R, Rappaport R, Prevot C, et al. A prospective study of the development of growth hormone deficiency in children given cranial irradiation, and its relation to statural growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68(2):346–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Brauner R, Malandry F, Rappaport R, et al. Growth and endocrine disorders in optic glioma. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149(12):825–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Madaschi S, Fiorino C, Losa M, et al. Time course of hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency in adults receiving cranial radiotherapy for primary extrasellar brain tumors. Radiother Oncol. 2011;99(1):23–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Akmansu M, Dirican B, Bora H, Gurel O. The risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis after external beam radiotherapy of Graves’ orbitopathy. Ophthalmic Res. 2003;35(3):150–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Hirohata T. Radiation carcinogenesis. Semin Oncol. 1976;3(1):25–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin’s disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4386–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Heidenreich WF, Cullings HM, Funamoto S, Paretzke HG. Promoting action of radiation in the atomic bomb survivor carcinogenesis data? Radiat Res. 2007;168(6):750–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Huang L, Snyder AR, Morgan WF. Radiation-induced genomic instability and its implications for radiation carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 2003;22(37):5848–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Sabatier L, Lebeau J, Dutrillaux B. Radiation-induced carcinogenesis: individual sensitivity and genomic instability. Radiat Environ Biophys. 1995;34(4):229–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Suit H, Goldberg S, Niemierko A, et al. Secondary carcinogenesis in patients treated with radiation: a review of data on radiation-induced cancers in human, non-human primate, canine and rodent subjects. Radiat Res. 2007;167(1):12–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Imhof SM, Moll AC, Hofman P, Mourits MP, Schipper J, Tan KE. Second primary tumours in hereditary- and nonhereditary retinoblastoma patients treated with megavoltage external beam irradiation. Doc Ophthalmol. 1997;93(4):337–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. The American Brachytherapy Society—Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force. The American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for plaque brachytherapy of uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. Brachytherapy. 2014;13:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Sharma SD, Upreti RR, Laskar S, et al. Estimation of risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis in adolescents with nasopharyngeal cancer treated using sliding window IMRT. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86(2):177–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat Res. 1995;141(3):259–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Kovalchuk O. Epigenetic research sheds new light on the nature of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008;49(1):1–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Kovalchuk O, Baulch JE. Epigenetic changes and nontargeted radiation effects—is there a link? Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008;49(1):16–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Limoli CL, Ponnaiya B, Corcoran JJ, et al. Genomic instability induced by high and low LET ionizing radiation. Adv Space Res. 2000;25(10):2107–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Mothersill C, Seymour C. Lethal mutations and genomic instability. Int J Radiat Biol. 1997;71(6):751–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Mothersill C, Seymour C. Radiation-induced bystander effects, carcinogenesis and models. Oncogene. 2003;22(45):7028–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Mothersill C, Seymour CB. Actions of radiation on living cells in the “post-bystander” era. EXS. 2006;96:159–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Mothersill C, Seymour CB. Radiation-induced bystander effects and the DNA paradigm: an “out of field” perspective. Mutat Res. 2006;597(1–2):5–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

  This work is made possible by support of The Eye Cancer Foundation, Inc., New York, NY USA (http://eyecancerfoundation.net).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The New York Eye Cancer Center, Ocular Tumor Services, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mt. Sinai and New York University School of Medicine, 115 East 61st Street #5B, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Paul T. Finger M.D.

  2. The New York Eye Cancer Center, 115 E. 61st St. #5B, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Ekaterina Semenova M.D.

Authors
  1. Paul T. Finger M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ekaterina Semenova M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul T. Finger M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Zeynel A. Karcioglu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Finger, P.T., Semenova, E. (2015). Radiation Therapy for Orbital Tumors. In: Karcioglu, Z. (eds) Orbital Tumors. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1510-1_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1510-1_33

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1509-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1510-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation