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Historical Context

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Microglia in Health and Disease

Abstract

The term ‘microglia’ was first introduced into the scientific literature almost a century ago. The various eras of microglia research have not only been defined by the number of reports subsequently generated but, more critically, by the concepts that have shaped our present-day views and understanding of microglia. Key methods, technologies, and models as well as seminal discoveries made possible through their deployment have enabled breakthroughs, and now pave the way for lines of investigation that could not have been anticipated even a decade ago. Advances in our understanding of microglial origin, forms, and functions have relied fundamentally on parallel developments in immunology. As the ‘neuro-immune’ cells of the brain, microglia are now under the spotlight in various disciplines. This chapter surveys the gradual processes and precipitous events that helped form ideas concerning the developmental origin of microglia and their roles in health and disease. It covers first the dawning phase during which the early pioneers of microglia research discovered cellular entities and already assigned functions to them. Following a recess period, the 1960s brought a renaissance of active interest, with a development of tools and models—and fundamental notions on microglial contributions to central nervous system pathologies. These seminal efforts laid the fundament for the awakening of a sweeping research era beginning with 1980s and being spurred on by a blast of immunological discoveries. Finally, the chapter stresses the advancement of molecular, genetic as well as imaging approaches to the study of microglia with the turn of the millennium, enabling insights into virtually all facets of microglial physiology. Moving forward it is clear that the future holds substantial promise for further discoveries. The next epoch in the history of microglia research has just begun.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brain & Behavioural Sciences Discipline, Department of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

    Payam Rezaie Ph.D.

  2. Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, 37075, Germany

    Uwe-Karsten Hanisch Ph.D.

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  1. Payam Rezaie Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Payam Rezaie Ph.D. or Uwe-Karsten Hanisch Ph.D. .

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  1. Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du, CHU de Québec, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Marie-Ève Tremblay

  2. Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV, Ikerbasque Foundation, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain

    Amanda Sierra

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Rezaie, P., Hanisch, UK. (2014). Historical Context. In: Tremblay, MÈ., Sierra, A. (eds) Microglia in Health and Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1429-6_2

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