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Oxidative Stress in Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes

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Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders

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Abstract

The placenta is essential for normal foetal metabolism and growth. However, maternal diabetes is an unfavourable environment for embryonic and fetoplacental development, which may disrupt normal foetal programming, leading later to metabolic disease. Additionally, an adverse in utero environment may lead to foetal congenital anomalies. Existing diabetes before pregnancy (pregestational type 1 and or type 2 diabetes mellitus) may have negative effects on the embryonic development, while gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) that occurs during late stages of pregnancy may affect the growth and maturation of the foetus. Many of the damaging effects of diabetes in pregnancy have been attributed to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are by-products of a number of important biological pathways of pregnancy, including embryo development, implantation, angiogenesis, placental development and function. In healthy pregnancies, these reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can be controlled to ensure no damage ensues. However, in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, their excessive production and/or a reduction in antioxidant defence mechanisms results in a number of damaging outcomes. Animal models of diabetes in pregnancy have provided supportive evidence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation and their damaging effects, which are dependent on the developmental stage. In this chapter, we will review the available data on oxidative stress in human diabetic pregnancies as well as in animal models of diabetes in pregnancy during early gestation, fetoplacental development and the perinatal period, as well as on its postnatal consequences. Human and animal data supportive of antioxidant treatments will be also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

ML is supported by Career Development Fellowships from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (#454777 and #1047025). The work from Associate Professor Lappas’s laboratory was funded by project grants from the Medical Research Foundation for Women and Babies, NHMRC (grant no. 454310) and Diabetes Australia Research Trust (DART). Work from Dr. Jawerbaum’s laboratory was supported by ANPCYT (PICT 2010–00034) and by CONICET (PIP 11220100100002). Work from Prof. Sobrevia’s laboratory was supported by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT 1110977, 11110059, 3130583), Programa de Investigación Interdisciplinario (PIA) from Comisión Nacional de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICYT, Anillos ACT-73) (Chile).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Level 4/163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084, VIC, Australia

    Martha Lappas

  2. Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Level 4/163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084, VIC, Australia

    Martha Lappas

  3. Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Andrea Leiva, Fabián Pardo & Luis Sobrevía

  4. The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia

    Luis Sobrevía

  5. Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Alicia Jawerbaum

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Correspondence to Martha Lappas .

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  1. University of Penn, Perelman Sch of Med Professor of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Neonatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Phyllis A. Dennery

  2. Lab of Oxidative Stress Policlinico “Le Scotte“, University of Siena Dept of Peds, Obstetrics & Reprod Med, Siena, Italy

    Giuseppe Buonocore

  3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine Rikshospitalit Medical Center, Oslo, Norway

    Ola Didrik Saugstad

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Lappas, M., Leiva, A., Pardo, F., Sobrevía, L., Jawerbaum, A. (2014). Oxidative Stress in Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes. In: Dennery, P., Buonocore, G., Saugstad, O. (eds) Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1405-0_3

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