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African Trypanosomiasis as Paradigm for Involvement of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System in Pathogenicity During Parasite Infection

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Macrophages: Biology and Role in the Pathology of Diseases

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Abstract

African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease of medical and veterinary importance that has adversely influenced the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. The causative agents, the trypanosomes, are hemoflagellated blood-borne unicellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of their vector (i.e., the tsetse fly, glossina spp.) and cause fatal diseases in mammals, commonly called sleeping sickness in humans (HAT, Human African Trypanosomiasis) or Nagana in domestic livestock. Studies into the role of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which include myeloid cells (i.e., macrophages, monocytes and granulocytes), during experimental murine trypanosome infections, have revealed that these cells make an important contribution to African trypanosomiasis development both during the early and later/chronic stages of infection, whereby they can play a protective or pathogenic role depending on their activation state. In this chapter, we will discuss (1) the parasite–host interactions with a focus on the role played by cells of the MPS and parasite-derived components triggering immune responses during the different stages/phases of experimental trypanosome infections and (2) the contribution of cells of the MPS to immunopathogenicity development with focus on liver injury and anemia. Finally, we will give (3) an overview of different strategies that can be employed to alleviate immunopathogenicity which might pave the way to develop new intervention strategies, as well as (4) discuss the potential link between murine models and HAT.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the FWO-Vlaanderen, IWT-Vlaanderen, and the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme—Belgian Science Policy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, VIB Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Benoit Stijlemans, Alain Beschin, Patrick De Baetselier & Geert Raes

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  1. Benoit Stijlemans
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  2. Alain Beschin
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  3. Patrick De Baetselier
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  4. Geert Raes
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Correspondence to Benoit Stijlemans .

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  1. Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Biomedical Sciences Institutes, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore

    Subhra K. Biswas

  2. IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy

    Alberto Mantovani

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Stijlemans, B., Beschin, A., De Baetselier, P., Raes, G. (2014). African Trypanosomiasis as Paradigm for Involvement of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System in Pathogenicity During Parasite Infection. In: Biswas, S., Mantovani, A. (eds) Macrophages: Biology and Role in the Pathology of Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1311-4_16

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