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Neuroregulation of Appetite

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Treatment of the Obese Patient

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Abstract

This chapter reviews current literature on hormonal and neural signals critical for the regulation of individual meals and body fat. Body weight is regulated via an ongoing process called energy homeostasis, or the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure. Reductions from an individual’s “normal” weight due to lack of sufficient food lowers levels of adiposity signals (leptin and insulin) reaching the brain from the blood, activates anabolic hormones that stimulate food intake, and decreases the efficacy of meal-generated signals (such as cholecystokinin or CCK) that normally reduce meal size. A converse sequence of events happens when individuals gain weight, adiposity signals are increased, catabolic hormones are stimulated, and the consequence is a reduction in food intake and a normalization of body weight. The brain also functions as a “fuel sensor” and thereby senses nutrients and generates signals and activation of neuronal systems and circuits that regulate energy homeostasis. This chapter focuses on how these signals are received and integrated by the central nervous system (CNS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ofer Reizes Ph.D.

  2. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA

    Stephen C. Benoit Ph.D.

  3. Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Deborah J. Clegg Ph.D., R.D.

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  1. Ofer Reizes Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Stephen C. Benoit Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Robert F. Kushner

  2. Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Daniel H. Bessesen

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Reizes, O., Benoit, S.C., Clegg, D.J. (2014). Neuroregulation of Appetite. In: Kushner, R., Bessesen, D. (eds) Treatment of the Obese Patient. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1203-2_1

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