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The Apicoplast: A Parasite’s Symbiont

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Plastid Biology

Part of the book series: Advances in Plant Biology ((AIPB,volume 5))

Abstract

The endosymbiotic capture of a red alga brought photosynthesis to a previously heterotrophic protist, and marked the birth of a now very diverse new branch of the eukaryotic tree of life. Among the many plastid-bearing descendants of this event are the Apicomplexa, a phylum of obligate animal parasites. These include the causative agents of important diseases like malaria and toxoplasmosis. The apicomplexan plastid, or apicoplast, has experienced dramatic changes in function, organization and protein content as Apicomplexa adapted from photosynthesis to parasitism. In this chapter we outline the broad strokes of the organelle’s remarkable evolutionary history and follow how these changes shaped its biology and metabolism.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

Acyl carrier protein

ALA:

Aminolevulinate

ALAD:

Aminolevulinate dehydratase

ALAS:

Aminolevulinate synthase

CMK:

4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase

CMS:

4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase

Cox2:

Cytochrome oxidase subunit 2

CPO:

Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DOXP:

1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate

DOXPRI:

DOXP-reductoisomerase

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERAD:

Endoplasmatic reticulum associated degradation

FC:

Ferrochelatase

GPTs:

Glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate transporter

IPP:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

LipA:

Lipoic acid synthase

MECS:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase

PB:

Porphobilinogen

PI3P:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate

PPO:

Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase

PPT:

Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphate/phosphate transporters

PPTs:

Plastid phosphate translocators

Tic:

Translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane

Toc:

Translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane

TP:

Transit peptide

TPT:

Triose phosphate/phosphate transporters

UROD:

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

UROS:

Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase

XPTs:

Xylulose 5-phosphate/phosphate transporter

3PGA :

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

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  1. Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases & Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Lilach Sheiner & Boris Striepen

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  1. Department of Plant Biology, Univeristy of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA

    Steven M. Theg

  2. Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France

    Francis-André Wollman

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Sheiner, L., Striepen, B. (2014). The Apicoplast: A Parasite’s Symbiont. In: Theg, S., Wollman, FA. (eds) Plastid Biology. Advances in Plant Biology, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1136-3_8

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