Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Weed Management in Conservation Agriculture Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Recent Advances in Weed Management

Abstract

In conventional farming, farmers usually use tillage equipment to improve the soil structure and to control weeds. But they actually damage the soil structure and contribute to reduced soil fertility in the long term. In conservation agricultural (CA) systems, however, tillage is reduced or totally eliminated. The use of CA is widely increasing in the world due to several advantages, such as conserving the soil and water resources, regenerating the soil’s fertility, protecting the soil from erosion, and reducing labor needs. This system, due to combined effects of the elimination or reduction of tillage, maintaining residues on the soil surface, and employment of diversified crop rotations, has led to wide variations in germination, emergence, and growth of weeds and has caused variations in the density and diversity of weeds under such systems. The increasing reliance on herbicides and usage of herbicide-resistant crops in CA can also lead to changes in weed population dynamics and occurrence of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. So weeds are overwhelming problems, especially in the early years of the CA adoption, and will require special control strategies. This chapter describes the ecology and population dynamics of weeds under CA systems and effective management practices will also be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Friedrich T, Kienzle J, Kassam A (2009) Conservation agriculture in developing countries: the role of mechanization; Innovation for sustainable agricultural mechanisation. Club of Bologna, FAO, Hannover, Germany, Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  2. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2013) Rome: introduction to conservation agriculture (its principles & benefits). http://teca.fao.org/technology/introduction-conservation-agriculture-its-principles-benefits, March 2013

  3. Baker CJ, Saxton KE, Ritchie WR, Chamen WCT, Reicosky DC, Ribeiro F, Justice SE, Hobbs PR (2007) No-tillage seeding in conservation agriculture, 2nd edn. FAO and CAB International, Oxford (Baker CJ, Saxton KE (eds))

    Google Scholar 

  4. Johansen C, Haque ME, Bell RW, Thierfelder C, Esdaile RJ (2012) Conservation agriculture for small holder rainfed farming: opportunities and constraints of new mechanized seeding systems. Field Crops Res 132:18–32

    Google Scholar 

  5. Friedrich T, Derpsch R, Kassam A (2012) Overview of the global spread of conservation agriculture. Field actions science reports (Internet), Nov 2012, Special Issue 6, 7 p. http://factsreports.revues.org/1941, April 2013

  6. Hobbs PR, Sayre K, Gupta R (2008) The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:543–555

    Google Scholar 

  7. Baral KR (2012) Weeds management in organic farming through conservation agriculture practices. J Agric Environ 13:60–66

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chauhan BS, Singh RG, Mahajan G (2012) Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: a review. Crop Prot 38:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  9. Owen MDK, Zelaya IA (2005) Herbicide-resistant crops and weed resistance to herbicides. Pest Manage Sci 61:301–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Orloff SB, Putnam DH, Canevari M, Lanini WT (2009) Avoiding weed shifts and weed resistance in roundup ready alfalfa systems. ANR publication, Report no. 8362, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Feb 2009

    Google Scholar 

  11. Manley BS, Wilson HP, Hines TE (2002) Management programs and crop rotations influence populations of annual grass weeds and yellow nutsedge. Weed Sci 50:112–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Légére A, Samson DN (1999) Relative influence of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management on weed associations in spring barley cropping systems. Weed Sci 47:112–122

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ball DA, Miller SD (1990) Weed seed population response to tillage and herbicide use in three irrigated cropping sequences. Weed Sci 38:511–517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Blackshaw RE (1994) Rotation affects downy brome (Bromus tectorum) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technol 8:728–732

    Google Scholar 

  15. Buhler DD (1992) Population dynamics and control of annual weeds in corn (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage systems. Weed Sci 40:241–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Buhler DD, Stoltenberg DE, Becker RL, Gunsolus JL (1994) Perennial weed populations after 14 years of variable tillage and cropping practices. Weed Sci 42:205–209

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hilgenfeld KL, Martin AR, Mortensen DA, Mason SC (2004) Weed management in a glyphosate resistant soybean system: weed species shifts. Weed Technol 18:284–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Clements DR, Weise SF, Swanton CJ (1994) Integrated weed management and weed species diversity. Phytoprotection 75:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  19. Clements DR, Benoit DL, Murphy SD, Swanton CJ (1996) Tillage effects on weed seed return and seedbank composition. Weed Sci 44:314–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Samarajeewa KBDP, Horiuchi T, Oba S (2005) Weed population dynamics in wheat as affected by Astragalus sinicus L. (Chinese milk vetch) under reduced tillage. Crop Prot 24:864–869

    Google Scholar 

  21. Thomas AG, Derksen DA, Blackshaw RE, Van Acker RC, Le´ge`re A, Watson PR, Turnbull GC (2004) A multistudy approach to understanding weed population shifts in medium- to long-term tillage systems. Weed Sci 52:874–880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Young FL, Thorne ME (2004) Weed-species dynamics and management in no-till and reduced-till fallow cropping systems for the semi-arid agricultural region of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Crop Prot 23:1097–1110

    Google Scholar 

  23. Andersson TN, Milberg P (1998) Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen. Weed Sci 46:30–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Froud-Williams RJ (1988) Changes in weed flora with different tillage and agronomic management systems. In: Altieri MA, Liebman M (eds) Weed management in agroecosystems: ecological approaches. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 213–236

    Google Scholar 

  25. Locke MA, Reddy KN, Zablotowicz RM (2002) Weed management in conservation crop production systems. Weed Biol Manage 2:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  26. Murphy SD, Clements DR, Belaoussoff S, Kevan PG, Swanton CJ (2006) Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation. Weed Sci 54:69–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sosnoskie LM, Herms CP, Cardina J (2006) Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Sci 54:263–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Tuesca D, Puricelli E, Papa JC (2001) A long-term study of weed flora shifts in different tillage systems. Weed Res 41:369–382

    Google Scholar 

  29. Légére A, Samson DN (2004) Tillage and weed management effects on weeds in barley-red clover cropping systems. Weed Sci 52:881–885

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chauhan BS, Gill GS, Preston C (2006) Tillage systems affect trifluralin bioavailability in soil. Weed Sci 54:941–947

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fenner M, Thompson K (2005) The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  32. Peachey RE, Mallory-Smith C (2007) Influence of winter seed position and recovery date on hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) recruitment and seed germination, dormancy, and mortality. Weed Sci 55:49–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Peachey RE, Mallory-Smith C (2011) Effect of fall tillage and cover crop strategies on wild-proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) emergence and interference in snap beans. Weed Technol 25:119–126

    Google Scholar 

  34. Chauhan BS, Abugho SB (2012a) Threelobe morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) germination and response to herbicides. Weed Sci 60:199–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chauhan BS, Johnson DE (2008) Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) in a tropical environment. Weed Sci 56:383–388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chauhan BS, Gill GS, Preston C (2006) Factors affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Weed Sci 54:854–860

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chauhan BS, Gill GS, Preston C (2006) Seed germination and seedling emergence of threehorn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum). Weed Sci 54:867–872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chauhan BS, Gill GS, Preston C (2006) African mustard (Brassica tournefortii) germination in southern Australia. Weed Sci 54:891–897

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ebrahimi E, Eslami SV (2012) Effect of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Ceratocarpus arenarius. Weed Res 52:50–59

    Google Scholar 

  40. Eslami SV (2011) Comparative germination and emergence ecology of two populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) from Iran and Denmark. Weed Sci 59:90–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Buhler DD, Owen MDK (1997) Emergence and survival of horsweed (Conyza canadensis). Weed Sci 45:98–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ghosheh H, Al-Hajaj N (2005) Weed seedbank response to tillage and crop rotation in a semi-arid environment. Soil Tillage Res 84:184–191

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mester TC, Buhler DD (1991) Effects of soil temperature, seed depth, and cyanazine on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seedling development. Weed Sci 39:204–209

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yenish JP, Doll JD, Buhler DD (1992) Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and viability of weed seed in soil. Weed Sci 40:429–433

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Anderson RL (1998) Seedling emergence of winter annual grasses as affected by limited tillage and crop canopy. Weed Technol 12:262–267

    Google Scholar 

  46. Froud-Williams RJ, Chancellor RJ, Drennan DSH (1984) The effects of seed burial and soil disturbance on emergence and survival of arable weeds in relation to minimal cultivation. J Appl Ecol 21:629–641

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mohler CL (1993) A model of the effects of tillage on weed seedlings. Ecol Appl 3:53–73

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mohler CL, Callaway MB (1992) Effects of tillage and mulch on the emergence and survival of weeds in sweet corn. J Appl Ecol 29:21–34

    Google Scholar 

  49. Froud-Williams RJ (1983) The influence of straw disposal and cultivation regime on the population dynamics of Bromus sterilis. Ann Appl Biol 103:139–148

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mohler CL, Callaway MB (1995) Effects of tillage and mulch on weed seed production and seed banks in sweet corn. J Appl Ecol 32:627–639

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mas MT, Verdú AMC (2003) Tillage system effects on weed communities in a 4-year crop rotation under Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil Tillage Res 74:15–24

    Google Scholar 

  52. Stevenson FC, Légère A, Simard RR, Angers DA, Pangeau D, Lafond J (1998) Manure, tillage, and crop rotation: effects on residual weed interference in spring barley cropping systems. Agron J 90:496–504

    Google Scholar 

  53. Derksen DA, Thomas AG, Lafond GP, Loeppky HA, Swanton CJ (1995) Impact of post-emergence herbicides on weed community diversity within conservation-tillage systems. Weed Res 35:311–320

    Google Scholar 

  54. Stevenson FC, Légère A, Simard RR, Angers DA, Pangeau D, Lafond J (1997) Weed species diversity in spring barley varies with crop rotation and tillage, but not with nutrient source. Weed Sci 45:798–806

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Dorado J, del Monte JP, López-Fando C (1999) Weed seedbank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agroecosystems. Weed Sci 47:67–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bàrberi P, Lo Cascio B (2001) Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition. Weed Res 41:325–340

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gill KS, Arshad MA (1995) Weed flora in the early growth period of spring crops under conventional, reduced, and zero tillage systems on a clay soil in northern Alberta, Canada. Soil Tillage Res 33:65–79

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cardina J, Herms CP, Doohan DJ (2002) Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks. Weed Sci 50:448–460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Christoffoleti PJ, de Carvalho SJP, Lo´pez-Ovejero RF, Nicolai M, Hidalgo E, da Silva JE (2007) Conservation of natural resources in Brazilian agriculture: implications on weed biology and management. Crop Prot 26:383–389

    Google Scholar 

  60. Liebman M, Dyck E (1993) Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecol Appl 3:92–122

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chauhan BS (2012) Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed Technol 26:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  62. Chauhan BS, Abugho SB (2012) Interaction of rice residue and PRE herbicides on emergence and biomass of four weed species. Weed Technol 26:627–632

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (1993) Light transmittance, soil temperature and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agron J 85:673–680

    Google Scholar 

  64. Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (2000) The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci 48:385–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cromar HE, Murphy SD, Swanton CJ (1999) Influence of tillage and crop residue on post-dispersal predation of weed seeds. Weed Sci 47:184–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Brainard DC, Peachey RE, Haramoto ER, Luna JM, Rangarajan A (2013) Weed ecology and nonchemical management under strip-tillage: implications for northern U.S. vegetable cropping systems. Weed Technol 27:218–230

    Google Scholar 

  67. Mohler CL, Teasdale JR (1993) Response of weed emergence to rate of Vicia villosa Roth and Secale cereale L. residue. Weed Res 33:487–499

    Google Scholar 

  68. Reeves DW, Price AJ, Patterson MG (2005) Evaluation of three winter cereals for weed control in conservation-tillage in nontransgenic cotton. Weed Technol 19:731–736

    Google Scholar 

  69. Derksen DA, Thomas AG, Lafond GF, Loeppky HA, Swanton CL (1994) Impact of agronomic practices on weed communities: fallow within tillage systems. Weed Sci 42:184–194

    Google Scholar 

  70. Teasdale JR, Beste CE, Potts WE (1991) Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci 39:195–199

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gallagher RS, Cardina J, Loux M (2003) Integration of cover crops with postemergence herbicides in no-till corn and soybean. Weed Sci 51:995–1001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reddy KN, Zablotowicz RM, Locke MA, Koger CH (2003) Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weeds, soil properties, microbial populations, and soybean yield. Weed Sci 51:987–994

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Smith H (1995) Physiological and ecological function within the phytochrome family. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46:289–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gallagher RS, Cardina J (1998) Ecophysiological factors regulating phytochrome-mediated germination in soil seed banks. Asp Appl Biol 51:165–171

    Google Scholar 

  75. Amuri N, Brye KR, Gbur EE, Oliver D, Kelley J (2010) Weed populations as affected by residue management practices in a wheat-soybean double-crop production system. Weed Sci 58:234–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Teasdale JR, Brandsæter LO, Calegari A, Neto FS (2007) Cover crops and weed management. In: Upadhyaya MK, Blackshaw RE (eds) Non-chemical weed management: principles, concepts and technology. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 49–64

    Google Scholar 

  77. Vigil MF, Kissel DE (1991) Equations for estimating the amount of nitrogen mineralized from crop residues. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:757–761

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Espeby L (1989) Germination of weed seeds and competition in stands of weeds and barley. Influences of mineral nutrients. Crop Prod Sci 6:1–172

    Google Scholar 

  79. Agenbag GA, Villiers OT (1989) The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the germination and seedling emergence of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed in different soil types. Weed Res 29:239–245

    Google Scholar 

  80. Blackshaw RE, Larney FO, Lindwall CW, Kozub GC (1994) Crop rotation and tillage effects on weed populations on the semi-arid Canadian prairies. Weed Technol 8:231–237

    Google Scholar 

  81. Karlen DL, Varvel GE, Bullock DG, Cruse RM (1994) Crop rotations for the 21st century. Adv Agron 53:1–45

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ball DA (1992) Weed seedbank response to tillage, herbicides and crop rotation sequence. Weed Sci 40:654–659

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kegode GO, Forcella F, Clay S (1999) Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production. Weed Sci 47:175–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dekker J (1997) Weed diversity and weed management. Weed Sci 45:357–363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Martin RJ, Felton WL (1993) Effect of crop rotation, tillage practice, and herbicides on the population dynamics of wild oats in wheat. Aust J Exp Agric 33:159–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Anderson RL, Beck DL (2007) Characterizing weed communities among various rotations in central South Dakota. Weed Technol 21:76–79

    Google Scholar 

  87. Smith RG, Gross KL (2006) Rapid change in the germinable fraction of the weed seed bank in crop rotations. Weed Sci 54:1094–1100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hume L, Tessier S, Dyck FB (1991) Tillage and rotation influences on weed community composition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can J Plant Sci 71:783–789

    Google Scholar 

  89. Shrestha A, Knezevic SZ, Roy RC, Ball-Coelho BR, Swanton CJ (2002) Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil. Weed Res 42:76–87

    Google Scholar 

  90. Roberts HA, Neilson JE (1981) Change in the soil seed bank of four long-term crop/herbicide experiments. J Appl Ecol 18:661–668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Owen MDK (2008) Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Manag Sci 64:377–387

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Reddy KN (2004) Weed control and species shift in bromoxynil- and glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) rotation systems. Weed Technol 18:131–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ross MA, Lembi CA (1999) Applied weed science. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  94. Webster EP, Bryant KJ, Earnest LD (1999) Weed control and economics in nontransgenic and glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 13:586–593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Culpepper AS (2006) Glyphosate-induced weed shifts. Weed Technol 20:277–281

    Google Scholar 

  96. Scursoni J, Forcella F, Gunsolus J, Owen M, Oliver R, Smeda R, Vidrine R (2006) Weed diversity and soybean yield with glyphosate management along a north-south transect in the United States. Weed Sci 54:713–719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wilson RG, Miller SD, Westra P, Kniss AR, Stahlman PW, Wicks GW, Kachman SD (2007) Glyphosate-induced weed shifts in glyphosate-resistant corn or a rotation of glyphosate-resistant corn, sugarbeet, and spring wheat. Weed Technol 21:900–909

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Telewski FW, Zeevaart JAD (2002) The 120-yr period for Dr. Beal’s seed viability experiment. Am J Bot 89:1285–1288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Westerman PR, Wes JS, Kropff MJ, van der Werf W (2003) Annual weed seed losses due to predation in organic cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 40:824–836

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ward MJ, Ryan MR, Curran WS, Barbercheck ME, Mortensen DA (2011) Cover crops and disturbance influence activity-density of weed seed predators Amara aenea and Harpalus pensylvanicus (coleoptera: carabidae). Weed Sci 59:76–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Davis AS, Renner KA (2007) Influence of seed depth and pathogens on fatal germination of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). Weed Sci 55:30–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Peigné J, Ball BC, Roger-Estrade J, David C (2007) Is conservation tillage suitable for organic farming? A review. Soil Use Manage 23:129–144

    Google Scholar 

  103. Andersen A (2003) Long-term experiments with reduced tillage in spring cereals. II. Effects on pests and beneficial insects. Crop Prot 22:147–152

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hunter MD (2002) Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation and the ecology of insects. Agric For Entomol 4:159–166

    Google Scholar 

  105. Gallagher R, Fernandes E, Mccallie E (1999) Weed management through short-term improved fallows in tropical agroecosystems. Agrofor Syst 47:197–221

    Google Scholar 

  106. Carmona DM, Landis DA (1999) Influence of refuge habitats and cover crops on seasonal activity-density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in field crops. Biol Contr 28:1145–1153

    Google Scholar 

  107. Navntoft S, Wratten SD, Kristensen K, Esbjerg P (2009) Weed seed predation inorganic and conventional fields. Biol Control 49:11–16

    Google Scholar 

  108. Cardina J, Norquay HM, Stinner BR, McCartney DA (1996) Postdispersal predation of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seeds. Weed Sci 44:534–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Reader RJ (1991) Control of seedling emergence by ground cover: a potential mechanism involving seed predation. Can J Bot 69:2084–2087

    Google Scholar 

  110. Landis DA, Wratten SD, Gurr GM (2000) Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annu Rev Entomol 45:175–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Harrison SK, Regnier EE, Schmoll JT (2003) Postdispersal predation of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) seed in no-tillage corn. Weed Sci 51:955–964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Zhang J (1993) Biology of Harpalus rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Maine and dynamics of seed predation. Dissertation, University of Maine

    Google Scholar 

  113. Gallandt ER, Molloy T, Lynch RP, Drummond FA (2005) Effect of cover-cropping system on invertebrate seed predation. Weed Sci 53:69–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Shearin AF, Reberg-Horton SC, Gallandt ER (2007) Direct effects of tillage on the activity-density of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) weed seed predators. Environ Entomol 36:1140–1146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Shearin AF, Reberg-Horton SC, Gallandt ER (2008) Cover crop effects on the activity-density of the weed seed predator Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Weed Sci 56:442–450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Davis AS, Liebman M (2003) Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography. 1. Green manure and tillage timing. Weed Sci 51:919–929

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Westerman PR, Liebman M, Menalled FD, Heggenstaller AH, Hartzler RG, Dixon PM (2005) Are many little hammers effective? Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) population dynamics in two- and four-year crop rotation systems. Weed Sci 53:382–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Davis AS, Taylor EC, Haramoto ER, Renner KA (2013) Annual postdispersal weed seed predation in contrasting field environments. Weed Sci 2:296–302

    Google Scholar 

  119. Lundgren JG, Rosentrater KA (2007) The strength of seeds and their destruction by granivorous insects. Arthropod Plant Interact 1:93–99

    Google Scholar 

  120. Norris RF, Kogan M (2000) Interactions between weeds, arthropod pests and their natural enemies in managed ecosystems. Weed Sci 48:94–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Davis AS (2007) Nitrogen fertilizer and crop residue effects on seed mortality and germination of eight annual weed species. Weed Sci 55:123–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Alvear M, Rosas A, Rouanet JL, Borie F (2005) Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile. Soil Tillage Res 82:195–202

    Google Scholar 

  123. Balota EL, Colozzi Filho A, Andrade DS, Dick RP (2004) Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on microbial biomass and C and N mineralization in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Tillage Res 77:137–145

    Google Scholar 

  124. Christoffoleti PJ, de Carvalho SJP, Nicolai M, Doohan D, VanGessel M (2007) Prevention strategies in weed management. In: Upadhyaya MK, Blackshaw RE (eds) Non-chemical weed management: principles, concepts and technology. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  125. Walker RH (1995) Preventive weed management. In: Smith AE (ed) Handbook of weed management systems. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 35–50

    Google Scholar 

  126. Dastgheib F (1989) Relative importance of crop seed, manure, and irrigation water as sources of weed infestation. Weed Res 29:113–116

    Google Scholar 

  127. Boyd NS, White S (2009) Impact of wild blueberry harvesters on weed seed dispersal within and between fields. Weed Sci 57:541–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ballaré CL, Scopel AL, Ghersa CM, Sanchez RA (1987) The demography of Datura ferox (L.) in soybean crops. Weed Res 27:91–102

    Google Scholar 

  129. Ghersa CM, Martinez-Ghersa MA, Satorre EH, VanEsso ML, Chichotky G (1993) Seed dispersal, distribution and recruitment of seedlings of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Weed Res 33:79–88

    Google Scholar 

  130. Shirtliffe SJ, Entz MH (2005) Chaff collection reduces seed dispersal of wild oat (Avena fatua) by a combine harvester. Weed Sci 53:465–470

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Slagell Gossen RR, Tyrl RJ, Hauhouot M, Peeper TF, Claypool PL, Solie JB (1998) Effects of mechanical damage on cheat (Bromus secalinus) caryopsis anatomy and germination. Weed Sci 46:249–257

    Google Scholar 

  132. Walsh M, Newman P (2007) Burning narrow wind rows for weed seed destruction. Field Crops Res 104:24–30

    Google Scholar 

  133. Woolcock JL, Cousens R (2000) A mathematical analysis of factors affecting the rate of spread of patches of annual weeds in an arable field. Weed Sci 48:27–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Thill DC, Mallory-Smith CA (1997) The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems. Weed Sci 45:337–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Walsh M, Parker W (2002) Wild radish and ryegrass seed collection at harvest: chaff carts and other devices. In: Agribusiness Crop Updates, Western Australian Department of Agriculture Perth, Australia, pp. 37–38

    Google Scholar 

  136. Walsh M, Powles S (2004) Herbicide resistance: an imperative for smarter crop weed management. In: Fischer T, Turner N, Angus J, McIntyre L, Robertson M, Borrell A, Lloyd D (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, The Regional Institute Ltd, Brisbane, Australia, 26 Sep–1 Oct 2004. http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/symposia/2/5/1401_powles.htm, Nov 2004

  137. Walsh M, Newman P, Powles S (2013) Targeting weed seeds in-crop: A new weed control paradigm for global agriculture. Weed Technol 27:431–436

    Google Scholar 

  138. Nagabhushana GG, Worsham AD, Yenish JP (2001) Allelopathic cover crops to reduce herbicide use in sustainable agriculture systems. Allelopath J 8:133–146

    Google Scholar 

  139. Akemo MC, Regnier EE, Bennett MA (2000) Weed suppression in spring-sown rye-pea cover crop mixes. Weed Technol 14:545–549

    Google Scholar 

  140. Ross SM, King JR, Izaurralde RC, O’Donovan JT (2001) Weed suppression by seven clover species. Agron J 93:820–827

    Google Scholar 

  141. Sheaffer CC, Gunsolus JL, Grimsbo Jewett J, Lee SH (2002) Annual Medicago as a smother crop in soybean. J Agron Crop Sci 188:408–416

    Google Scholar 

  142. Wolf B, Snyder GH (2003) Sustainable soils: the place of organic matter in sustaining soils and their productivity, 2nd edn. Food Products, New York

    Google Scholar 

  143. Yenish JP, Worsham AD, York AC (1996) Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 10:815–821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Chauhan BS, Abugho SB (2013) Effect of crop residue on seedling emergence and growth of selected weed species in a sprinkler-irrigated zero-till dry-seeded rice system. Weed Sci 61:403–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Saini M, Price MJ, Santen EV (2009) Integration of cover crop residues, conservation tillage and herbicides for weed management in corn, cotton, peanut and tomato Dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

    Google Scholar 

  146. Kumar V, Brainard DC, Bellinder RR, Hahn RR (2011) Buckwheat residue effects on emergence and growth of weeds in winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping systems. Weed Sci 59:567–573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Norsworthy JK, Meehan IVJT (2005) Use of isothiocyantes for suppression of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Sci 53:884–890

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Malik MS, Norsworthy JK, Culpepper AS, Riley MB, Bridges W Jr (2008) Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and rye cover crops for weed suppression in sweet corn. Weed Sci 56:588–595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Norsworthy JK (2003) Allelopathic potential of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Technol 17:307–313

    Google Scholar 

  150. Price AJ, Norsworthy JK (2013) Cover crops for weed management in southern reduced-tillage vegetable cropping systems. Weed Technol 27:212–217

    Google Scholar 

  151. Haramoto ER, Gallandt ER (2005) Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment. Weed Sci 53:695–701

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Adler MJ, Chase CA (2007) Comparison of the allelopathic potential of leguminous summer cover crops: cowpea, sunn hemp, and velvetbean. HortScience 42:289–293

    Google Scholar 

  153. Price AJ, Stoll ME, Bergtold JS, Arriaga FJ, Balkcom KS, Kornecki TS, Raper RL (2008) Effect of cover crop extracts on cotton and radish radicle elongation. Commun Biometry Crop Sci 3:60–66

    Google Scholar 

  154. Brennan EB, Boyd NS, Smith RF, Foster P (2009) Seeding rate and planting arrangement effects on growth and weed suppression of a legume-oat cover crop for organic vegetable systems. Agron J 101:979–988

    Google Scholar 

  155. Reberg-Horton SC, Grossman JM, Kornecki TS, Meijer AD, Price AJ, Place GT, Webster TM (2012) Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA. Renew Agric Food Syst 27:41–48

    Google Scholar 

  156. Burgos NR, Talbert RE (1996) Weed control and sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa) response in a no-till system with cover crops. Weed Sci 44:355–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Hayden ZD, Brainard DC, Henshaw B, Ngouajio M (2012) Winter annual weed suppression in rye-vetch cover crop mixtures. Weed Technol 26:818–825

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wortman SE, Francis CA, Bernards M, Blankenship EE, Lindquist JL (2013) Mechanical termination of diverse cover crop mixtures for improved weed suppression in organic cropping systems. Weed Sci 61:162–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Norsworthy JK, Malik MS, Jha P, Riley MB (2007) Suppression of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri using autumn-sown glucosinolate-producing cover crops in organically grown bell pepper. Weed Res 47:425–432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Wortman SE, Francis CA, Lindquist JL (2012) Cover crop mixtures for the western Corn Belt: opportunities for increased productivity and stability. Agron J 104:699–705

    Google Scholar 

  161. Balkcom KS, Schomberg H, Reeves DW, Clark A (2007) Managing cover crops in conservation tillage systems. In: Clark A (ed) Managing cover crops profitably. SARE, College Park, pp 44–46

    Google Scholar 

  162. Duiker SW, Curran WS (2005) Rye cover crop management for corn production in the northern Mid-Atlantic region. Agron J 97:1413–1418

    Google Scholar 

  163. Price AJ, Reeves DW, Patterson MG (2006) Evaluation of weed control provided by three winter cereals in conservation-tillage soybean. Renew Agric Food Sys 21:159–164

    Google Scholar 

  164. Price AJ, Balkcom KS, Duzy LM, Kelton JA (2012) Herbicide and cover crop residue integration for Amaranthus control in conservation agriculture cotton and implications for resistance management. Weed Technol 26:490–498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Liebman M, Gallandt ER (2008) Differential responses to red clover residue and ammonium nitrate by common bean and wild mustard. Weed Sci 50:521–529

    Google Scholar 

  166. Mirsky SB, Curran WS, Mortensen DM, Ryan MR, Shumway DL (2011) Timing of cover-crop management effects on weed suppression in no-till planted soybean using a roller-crimper. Weed Sci 59:380–389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Mirsky SB, Curran WS, Mortensen DM, Ryan MR, Shumway DL (2009) Control of cereal rye with a roller/crimper as influenced by cover crop phenology. Agron J 101:1589–1596

    Google Scholar 

  168. Rice CP, Cai G, Teasdale JR (2012) Concentrations and allelopathic effects of benzoxazinoid compounds in soil treated with rye (Secale cereale) cover crop. J Agric Food Chem 60:4471–4479

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Creamer NG, Plassman B, Bennett MA, Wood RK, Stinner BR, Cardina J (1995) A method for mechanically killing cover crops to optimize weed suppression. Am J Altern Agric 10:157–162

    Google Scholar 

  170. Davis AS (2010) Cover-crop roller-crimper contributes to weed management in no-till soybean. Weed Sci 58:300–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Holtzer TO, Anderson RL, McMullen MP, Peairs FB (1996) Integrated pest management for insects, plant pathogens and weeds in dryland cropping systems of the Great Plains. J Prod Agric 9:200–208

    Google Scholar 

  172. Anderson RL (1994) Characterizing weed community seedling emergence for a semiarid site in Colorado. Weed Technol 8:245–249

    Google Scholar 

  173. Bryson CT, Reddy KN, Molin WT (2003) Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) population dynamics in narrow row transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and soybean (Glycine max) rotation. Weed Technol 17:805–810

    Google Scholar 

  174. Mesgaran MB, Mashhadi HR, Khosravi M, Zand E, Mohammad-Alizadeh H (2008) Weed community response to saffron-black zira intercropping. Weed Sci 56:400–407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Baumann DT, Kropf MJ, Bastiaans L (2000) Intercropping leeks to suppress weeds. Weed Res 40:361–376

    Google Scholar 

  176. Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK, Ghose SS (2006) Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. Eur J Agron 24:325–332

    Google Scholar 

  177. Szumigalski A, Van Acker R (2005) Weed suppression and crop production in annual intercrops. Weed Sci 53:813–825

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Liebman M, Mohler CL, Staver CP (2004) Ecological management of agricultural weeds, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, UK

    Google Scholar 

  179. Fischer AJ, Ramirez A (1993) Red rice (Oryza sativa L.): competition studies for management decisions. Int J Pest Manage 39:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  180. Blackshaw RE, Semach GP, O’Donovan JT (2000a) Utilization of wheat seed rate to manage red stem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) in a zero-tillage cropping system. Weed Technol 14:389–396

    Google Scholar 

  181. Xue Q, Stougaard RN (2002) Spring wheat seed size and seeding rate affect wild oat demographics. Weed Sci 50:312–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Estorninos LE Jr, Gealy DR, Talbert RE, McClelland MR, Gbur EE (2005b) Rice and red rice interference: II. Rice response to population densities of three red rice (Oryza sativa) ecotypes. Weed Sci 53:683–689

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Eslami SV, Gill GS, Bellotti B, McDonald G (2006) Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) interference in wheat. Weed Sci 54:749–756

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Paynter BH, Hills AL (2009) Barley and rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) competition is influenced by crop cultivar and density. Weed Technol 23:40–48

    Google Scholar 

  185. Reddy KN (2002) Weed control and economic comparisons in soybean planting systems. J Sustain Agric 21:21–35

    Google Scholar 

  186. Grey TL, Raymer P (2002) Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and red morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea) control in glyphosate-resistant soybean with narrow rows and postemergence herbicide mixtures. Weed Technol 16:669–674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Norsworthy JK, Oliver LR (2001) Effect of seeding rate of drilled glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max) on seed yield and gross profit margin. Weed Technol 15:284–292

    Google Scholar 

  188. Molin WT, Boykin D, Hugie JA, Ratnayaka HH, Sterling TM (2006) Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) interference in wide row and ultra narrow row cotton. Weed Sci 54:651–657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Reddy KN (2001) Broadleaf weed control in ultra narrow row bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Weed Technol 15:497–504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Watson PR, Derksen DA, Van Acker RC (2006) The ability of 29 barley cultivars to compete and withstand competition. Weed Sci 54:783–792

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Scursoni J, Benech-Arnold R, Hirchoren H (1999) Demography of wild oat in barley crops: effect of crop, sowing rate, and herbicide treatment. Agron J 91:478–489

    Google Scholar 

  192. Dilday RH, Mattice JD, Moldenhauer KA, Yan W (2001) Allelopathic potential in rice germplasm against ducksalad, redstem and barnyardgrass. J Crop Prod 4:287–301

    Google Scholar 

  193. Gealy DR, Wailes EJ, Estorninos LE Jr, Chavez RSC (2003) Rice cultivar differences in suppression of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and economics of reduced propanil rates. Weed Sci 51:601–609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Mahajan G, Chauhan BS (2011) Effects of planting pattern and cultivar on weed and crop growth in aerobic rice system. Weed Technol 25:521–525

    Google Scholar 

  195. Mahajan G, Chauhan BS (2013) The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry-seeded rice production systems. Crop Prot 49:52–57

    Google Scholar 

  196. Yenish JP, Young FL (2004) Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size. Weed Sci 52:996–1001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Lemerle D, Verbeek B, Cousens RD, Coombes NE (1996) The potential for selecting wheat varieties strongly competitive against weeds. Weed Res 36:505–513

    Google Scholar 

  198. Roberts JR, Peeper TF, Solie JB (2001) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) row spacing, seeding rate, and cultivar affect interference from rye (Secale cereale). Weed Technol 15:19–25

    Google Scholar 

  199. Estorninos LE Jr, Gealy DR, Talbert RE, Gbur EE (2005a) Rice and red rice interference. I. Response of red rice (Oryza sativa) to sowing rates of tropical japonica and indica rice cultivars. Weed Sci 53:676–682

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Ebana K, Yan W, Dilday RH, Namai H, Okuno K (2001) Variation in the allelopathic effect of rice with water soluble extracts. Agron J 93:12–16

    Google Scholar 

  201. Olofsdotter M (2001) Rice—a step toward use of allelopathy. Agron J 93:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  202. Bennett AC, Shaw DR (2000) Effect of Glycine max cultivar and weed control on weed seed characteristics. Weed Sci 48:431–435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Nordby DE, Alderks DL, Nafziger ED (2007) Competitiveness with weeds of soybean cultivars with different maturity and canopy width characteristics. Weed Technol 21:1082–1088

    Google Scholar 

  204. Blackshaw RE, Brandt RN (2008) Nitrogen fertilizer rate effects on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Sci 56:743–747

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Blackshaw RE, Semach G, Janzen HH (2002) Fertilizer application method affects nitrogen uptake in weeds and wheat. Weed Sci 50:634–641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Sweeney AE, Renner KA, Laboski C, Davis A (2008) Effect of fertilizer nitrogen on weed emergence and growth. Weed Sci 56:714–721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. DiTomaso JM (1995) Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through the manipulation of fertilization strategies. Weed Sci 43:491–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Cairns ALP, de Villiers OT (1986) Breaking dormancy of Avena fatua L. seed by treatment with ammonia. Weed Res 26:191–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sardi K, Beres I (1996) Effects of fertilizer salts on the germination of corn, winter wheat, and their common weed species. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 27:1227–1235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Qasem JR (1992) Nutrient accumulation by weeds and their associated vegetable crops. J Hortic Sci 67:189–195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Blackshaw RE, Brandt RN, Janzen HH, Entz T, Grant CA, Derksen DA (2003) Differential response of weed species to added nitrogen. Weed Sci 51:532–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Ross DM, Van Acker RC (2005) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and landscape position on wild oat (Avena fatua) interference in spring wheat. Weed Sci 53:869–876

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Kirkland KJ, Beckie HJ (1998) Contribution of nitrogen fertilizer placement to weed management in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technol 12:507–514

    Google Scholar 

  214. Blackshaw RE, Semach GP, Li X, O’Donovan JT, Harker KN (2000) Tillage, fertiliser and glyphosate timing effects on foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) management in wheat. Can J Plant Sci 80:655–660

    Google Scholar 

  215. Mesbah AO, Miller SD (1999) Fertilizer placement affects jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) competition in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technol 13:374–377

    Google Scholar 

  216. Rasmussen PE (1995) Effects of fertilizer and stubble burning on downy brome competition in winter wheat. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 26:951–960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. O’Donovan JT, McAndrew DW, Thomas AG (1997) Tillage and nitrogen influence weed population dynamics in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Weed Technol 11:502–509

    Google Scholar 

  218. Blackshaw RE, Molnar LJ, Janzen HH (2004) Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Sci 52:614–622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Blackshaw RE, Molnar LJ (2009) Phosphorus fertilizer application method affects weed growth and competition with wheat. Weed Sci 57:311–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Santos BM, Dusky JA, Stall WM, Bewick TA, Shilling DG (2004) Influence of method of phosphorus application on smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) interference in lettuce. Weed Sci 52:797–801

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Shrefler JW, Dusky JA, Shilling DG, Brecke BJ, Sanchez CA (1994) Effects of phosphorus fertility on competition between lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus). Weed Sci 42:556–560

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Pacanoski Z (2007) Herbicide use: benefits for society as a whole- a review. Pak J Weed Sci Res 13:135–147

    Google Scholar 

  223. Cloutier DC, van der Weide RY, Peruzzi A, Leblanc ML (2007) Mechanical weed management. In: Upadhyaya MK, Blackshaw RE (eds) Non-chemical weed management: principles, concepts and technology. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 111–134

    Google Scholar 

  224. Mahajan G, Brar LS, Sardana V (1999) Effect of tillage and time of sowing on the efficacy of herbicides against Phalaris minor in wheat. In: The Proceeding of 17th Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, The Organisation of the 17th APWSS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 22–27 Nov 1999, pp 193–198

    Google Scholar 

  225. Teasdale JR, Shelton DR, Sadeghi AM (2003) Influence of hairy vetch residue on atrazine and metolachlor soil solution concentration and weed emergence. Weed Sci 51:628–634

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Locke MA, Zablotowicz RM, Bauer PJ, Steinriede RW, Gaston LA (2005) Conservation cotton production in the southern United States: herbicide dissipation in soil and cover crops. Weed Sci 53:717–727

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Moseley CM, Hagood ES (1991) Decreasing rates of nonselective herbicides in double-crop no-till soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Technol 5:198–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Ramsdale BK, Messersmith CG (2002) Low-rate split-applied herbicide treatments for wild oat (Avena fatua) control in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technol 16:149–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Mathers HM, Case LT (2010) Microencapsulated herbicide-treated bark mulches for nursery container weed control. Weed Technol 24:529–537

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Dailey OD Jr, Dowler CC, Mullinix BG Jr (1993) Polymeric microcapsules of the herbicides atrazine and metribuzin: preparation and evaluation of controlled-release properties. J Agric Food Chem 41:1517–1522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Fleming GF, Wax LM, Simmons W, Felsot AS (1992) Movement of alachlor and metribuzin from controlled release formulations in a sandy soil. Weed Sci 40:606–613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Monaco TJ, Weller SC, Ashton FM (2002) Weed science: principles and practices, 4th edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  233. Basham GW, Lavy TL (1987) Microbial and photolytic dissipation of imazaquin in soil. Weed Sci 35:865–870

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Locke MA, Bryson CT (1997) Herbicide-soil interactions in reduced tillage and plant residue management systems. Weed Sci 45:307–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Flower KC, Cordingley N, Ward PR, Weeks C (2012) Nitrogen, weed management and economics with cover crops in conservation agriculture in a Mediterranean climate. Field Crop Res 132:63–75

    Google Scholar 

  236. Larsbo M, Stenström J, Etana A, Börjesson E, Jarvis NJ (2009) Herbicide sorption, degradation, and leaching in three Swedish soils under long-term conventional and reduced tillage. Soil Tillage Res 105:200–208

    Google Scholar 

  237. Sanyal D, Bhowmik PC, Anderson RL, Shrestha A (2008) Revisiting the perspective and progress of integrated weed management. Weed Sci 56:161–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Anderson RL (2000) Cultural systems to aid weed management in semiarid corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 14:630–634

    Google Scholar 

  239. Chauhan BS, Gill GS, Preston C (2006) Tillage system effects on weed ecology, herbicide activity and persistence: a review. Aust J Exp Agr 46:1557–1570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Chauhan BS (2013) Strategies to manage weedy rice in Asia. Crop Prot 48:51–56

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran

    Seyed Vahid Eslami PhD

Authors
  1. Seyed Vahid Eslami PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seyed Vahid Eslami PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia

    Bhagirath S. Chauhan

  2. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Gulshan Mahajan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eslami, S. (2014). Weed Management in Conservation Agriculture Systems. In: Chauhan, B., Mahajan, G. (eds) Recent Advances in Weed Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1019-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation