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Plant-Based Vaccines Against Hepatitis B

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Genetically Engineered Plants as a Source of Vaccines Against Wide Spread Diseases

Abstract

Hepatitis B is one of the most common, complex, and dangerous human diseases. One third of the global population still lives in regions of a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among infected people, up to 40 % develop major liver dysfunction or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, which in total cause up to 1 million deaths/year. Mass immunization programs using highly effective subunit vaccines resulted in partial control of the virus. Nowadays, several tens of prophylactic vaccines are available based mainly on the small-surface antigen of HBV, and also on other surface antigens, as well as some therapeutics are exploited. However, the epidemiologic situation has improved only in industrialized countries, while the others remain under the threat of HBV. Hence, plant-based oral vaccines have been supposed as an alternative to classic injections. Yet, years of research have brought not only successes but stoppages, too. Production technology of the viral antigens in plants progressed significantly, and obtained yields reached several tens or even hundreds of micrograms per gram of tissue. However, the elaboration of a vaccine form, both effective and practical in use, appeared to be a real challenge. Plant-based vaccines evolved from edible vaccines to processed formulations, e.g., tablets or pellets, administered as a part of combined parenteral–oral immunization. In parallel, immunization trials via injection using purified plant-produced HBV antigens were performed. Both vaccine types revealed comparable effectiveness to commercial products. In conclusion, while the original idea of plant-based vaccines needs revision, they still can be considered as one of the possible tools for economical, simple, and mass vaccination against HBV.

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Abbreviations

AlMV:

Alfalfa mosaic virus

BeYDV:

Bean yellow dwarf virus

CaMV 35S promoter:

Promoter of 35S RNA of cauliflower mosaic virus

CHO:

Cell line derived from Chinese hamster ovary

CLPs:

Capsid-like particles

CPMV:

Cowpea mosaic virus

CTB:

Cholera toxin subunit B

DW:

Dry weight

EFE:

Ethylene forming enzyme

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FW:

Fresh weight

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

GMP:

Good manufacture practice

HAV:

Hepatitis A virus

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HDV:

Hepatitis D (delta) virus

HBcAg:

Hepatitis B core Antigen

HBsAg = HBs antigen(s):

(any) Hepatitis B surface Antigen(s)

rHBsAg:

Recombinant Hepatitis B surface Antigen

S-, M-, L-HBsAg:

Small, medium or large HBsAg

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HepB:

Hepatitis B

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

i.m.:

Intramuscular

i.n.:

Intranasal

i.p.:

Intraperiteoneal

LT-B:

Heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MAS:

Mannopine synthase

mIU/ml:

Milli-international unit/ml = unit of titer of anti-HBs antibodies

NOS:

Nopaline synthase

OCS:

Octopine synthase

PVX:

Potato virus X

S-IgA:

Secretory IgA

SVP:

Subviral particle

TEV:

Tobacco etch virus

TSP:

Total soluble protein

5′-UTR:

5′-untranslated region of mRNA

VLPs:

Virus-like particles

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  1. Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan, Poland

    Tomasz Pniewski

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  1. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Sergio Rosales-Mendoza

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Pniewski, T. (2014). Plant-Based Vaccines Against Hepatitis B. In: Rosales-Mendoza, S. (eds) Genetically Engineered Plants as a Source of Vaccines Against Wide Spread Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0850-9_10

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