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Stem Cells and Regeneration in the Xenopus Retina

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Regenerative Biology of the Eye

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

The ability to regenerate damaged cells in the retina varies tremendously among species, being restricted for most of them to specific developmental stages. Regarding vertebrates, only the newt was thought to exhibit full regenerative capacity upon retinectomy in the adulthood. The recent discovery that the anuran amphibian Xenopus can regenerate its retina after metamorphosis opened new avenues to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. In this review, we provide an historical overview of regeneration studies in Xenopus. Particular emphasis is given to the cellular sources contributing to retinal replacement, the involvement of tissue interactions and the importance of the injury paradigm. We also describe recent progress and promises in the field brought by the development of 3D tissue culture methods and transgenic Xenopus models.

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Abbreviations

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BrdU:

5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine

CMZ:

Ciliary marginal zone

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EdU:

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine

EFTF:

Eye field transcription factors

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

Hes4:

Hairy and enhancer of split 4

iCasp9:

Inducible caspase 9

MEK:

Mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase

Mtz:

Metronidazole

NTR:

Nitroreductase

Pax6:

Paired box protein 6

Rax:

Retina and anterior neural fold homeobox gene

RPE:

Retinal pigmented epithelium

RPE65:

Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein

RVM:

Retinal vascular membrane

shRNA:

Small hairpin RNA

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Acknowledgments

The authors are supported by grants from l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Retina France, and the Ville de Paris Région Ile de France Medicen through the AMBRe consortium. M.H. was supported by a fellowship from ANR and Région Ile de France.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. The French National Centre for Scientific Research, UPR 3294, Neurobiology and Development, Paris-Sud University, Orsay, 91405, France

      Magdalena Hidalgo, Morgane Locker, Albert Chesneau & Muriel Perron

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    1. Magdalena Hidalgo
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    2. Morgane Locker
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    3. Albert Chesneau
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    Correspondence to Muriel Perron .

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    1. Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

      Alice Pébay

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    Hidalgo, M., Locker, M., Chesneau, A., Perron, M. (2014). Stem Cells and Regeneration in the Xenopus Retina. In: Pébay, A. (eds) Regenerative Biology of the Eye. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0787-8_4

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