Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Family Medicine

  • 1771 Accesses

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects over 29 million individuals or 9.3 % of the United States (US) population. Twenty-one million are diagnosed; 8.1 million are undiagnosed. Estimated total costs of diabetes in the US in 2012 were $245 billion, with $176 billion in direct costs and $69 billion in indirect costs. Prediabetes affects 37 % of the US population and 51 % of individuals over age 65 years. The most prevalent form of DM, type 2 DM, has racial preponderances, female predilection, and strong associations with obesity. The rates of type 2 DM in individuals under aged 20 years is increasing especially in minority populations [1]. Published national and international standards of care have been disseminated directly to patients and physicians, heightening the importance of adequate care and glycemic control to minimize devastating long-term complications [2, 3]. Table 1 describes diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance [4].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention national diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Atlanta; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Suppl 1):S01-93.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JT, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists’ comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013 consensus statement. Endocr Pract. 2013;19 Suppl 2:1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl 1:S8–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gale EAM. Declassifying diabetes. Diabetalogia. 2006;49(9):1989–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Taylor R. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: tracing the reverse route from cure to cause. Diabetalogia. 2008;51(10):1781–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Defronzo RA. Banting lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;51(10):1781–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Shulman GI. Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;371(12):1131–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gubitosi-Klug RA for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: summary and future directions. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):44–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. A 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. The Action to Control Cardiovascular risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Fosbel EL, et al. Sulfonylurea in combination with insulin is associated with increased mortality compared with a combination of insulin and metformin in a retrospective Danish nationwide study. Diabetalogia. 2015;58(1):50–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2015. Glycemic targets. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl 1:S33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. American Diabetes Association. Foundations of care: education, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation, psychosocial care and immunization. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl 1:S20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein and carbohydrate. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859–73.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. The Look AHEAD Research Group. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Four year results of the Look AHEAD Trial. Arch Int Med. 2010;170(17):1566–75.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RE, The Collaborative Study Group, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1456–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1575–85.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJV, The ALTITUDE Investigators, et al. Cardiovascular endpoint in a trial of aliskerin for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. JAMA 2001;285:2486–97.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889–934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Grundy SM. Then and now: ATP III vs. IV. Dyslipidemia: a cardiosource community. 2013. www.cardiosource.org

  23. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of diabetes with intensive-dose compared to moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2556–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1563–74.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Teo KK, Goldstein LB, Chaitman BR, The AM-HIGH Investigators, et al. Extended-release niacin therapy and risk of ischemic stroke in patients with cardiovascular disease: the atherosclerosis intervention in metabolic syndrome with low HDL/high triglycermides: impact on global health outcome (AIM-HIGH) trial. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2688–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. The HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):203–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c2181.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Levin D, Bell S, Sund R, et al. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a multipopulation pooled, cumulative exposure risk. Diabetalogia. 2014. doi:10.1007/S00125-014-3456-9.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mahaffey KW, Hafley G, Dickerson S, et al. Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(2):240–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Meneghini L, Koenen C, Weng N, et al. The usage of a simplified self-titration dosing guideline (303 Algorithm) for insulin detemir in patients with type 2 diabetes – results of the PREDICTIVE 303 Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(2):902–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. The ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):319–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44106, OH, USA

    Charles Kent Smith

  2. North Coast Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Inc., 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA

    John P. Sheehan & Margaret M. Ulchaker

Authors
  1. Charles Kent Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John P. Sheehan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Margaret M. Ulchaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles Kent Smith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA

    Paul Paulman

  2. Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA

    Robert Taylor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Smith, C.K., Sheehan, J.P., Ulchaker, M.M. (2014). Diabetes Mellitus. In: Paulman, P., Taylor, R. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_127-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_127-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0779-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation