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Volatile Organic Compounds as Exhaled Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Respiratory Diseases

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Studies on Respiratory Disorders

Abstract

In ancient times, physicians already valued human breath as a window of diseased and healthy organs. For instance, advanced liver disease was indicated by the fishy smell of a patient’s breath. Hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced in different organs and are transported by blood to the lungs where they are released. Inflammatory and deviant metabolic processes change the composition of the VOCs and therefore they can be used for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. The total amount of VOCs (volatome) in exhaled breath can be detected based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based methods and combined with chemometric analysis in selecting those compounds containing the relevant information about the disease state. The profiles of excreted VOCs from healthy and diseased persons are numerically very complex and the biological and environmental variations are usually very large. The challenge is to extract the relevant information from the large amount of data and to relate subsets or profiles of VOCs to the disease with predictive and diagnostic power.

In this overview, applications are focussed on using VOCs analysis in monitoring inflammatory conditions concerning the pulmonary tract. Available methodologies regarding sampling, sample analysis, and data processing as well as their advantages and potential drawbacks are discussed.

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Conflict of Interest Statement

On behalf of all authors I declare that none of us has any relevant financial interests or conflicts related to this manuscript. (Volatile organic compounds as exhaled biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in respiratory diseases.)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    F. J. van Schooten Ph.D., A. W. Boots Ph.D., A. Smolinska Ph.D. & J. W. Dallinga Ph.D.

Authors
  1. F. J. van Schooten Ph.D.
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  2. A. W. Boots Ph.D.
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  3. A. Smolinska Ph.D.
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  4. J. W. Dallinga Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. J. van Schooten Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India

    Nirmal K. Ganguly

  2. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Educat, Chandigarh, India

    Surinder K. Jindal

  3. Department of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Shyam Biswal

  4. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

    Peter J. Barnes

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

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van Schooten, F.J., Boots, A.W., Smolinska, A., Dallinga, J.W. (2014). Volatile Organic Compounds as Exhaled Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Respiratory Diseases. In: Ganguly, N., Jindal, S., Biswal, S., Barnes, P., Pawankar, R. (eds) Studies on Respiratory Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0497-6_4

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