Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Imaging of the Renal Transplant Recipient

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Kidney Transplantation

Abstract

This chapter shall describe, illustrate, and discuss the use of imaging studies in the management of renal transplant recipients, and the role of the radiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of common and important problems that may develop in these patients. Although ultrasound remains the first-line imaging modality, there has been continued development and improvement in other noninvasive imaging modalities. Given the complexity of the imaging options and possible complications specific to this population, consultation with a subspecialist radiologist can facilitate decision-making with regard to optimal cost-effective imaging. Additionally, interventional radiologists can assist in the minimally invasive management of problems such as fluid collections and vascular and urologic complications using percutaneous and endovascular approaches. The first part of the chapter describes the different imaging modalities and their general applications, followed by a compilation of frequently encountered and important complications of renal transplantation and the specific role of different imaging studies in diagnosis and management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Khosroshahi HT, Tarzamni M, Oskuii RA. Doppler ultrasonography before and 6 to 12 months after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(7):2976–81. PubMed PMID: 16213279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cosgrove DO, Chan KE. Renal transplants: what ultrasound can and cannot do. Ultrasound Q. 2008;24(2):77–87; quiz 141–2. PubMed PMID: 18528243.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Baxter GM. Ultrasound of renal transplantation. Clin Radiol. 2001;56:802–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Khosroshahi HT, Heris HK, Makhdami N, Habibzadeh A, Badrogli N, Oskoii R, Jahannavard N. Time-dependent Doppler ultrasonographic findings in transplanted kidneys from living donors: a 5-year follow-up study. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(2):482–4. PubMed PMID: 21440739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Quarto Di Palo F, Rivolta R, Elli A, et al. Relevance of resistive index ultrasonographic measurement in renal transplantation. Nepron. 1996;73:195–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gao J, Rubin JM, Xiang DY, He W, Auh YH, Wang J, Ng A, Min R. Doppler parameters in renal transplant dysfunction: correlations with histopathologic changes. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(2):169–75. PubMed PMID: 21266554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S, et al. The renal arterial resistance index and renal allograft survival. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:115–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. McArthur C, Baxter GM. Current potential renal applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(9):909–22. Epub 2012 Mar 30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Grzelak P, Szymczyk K, Strzelczyk J, et al. Perfusion of kidney graft pyramids and cortex in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the determination of the cause of delayed graft function. Ann Transplant. 2011;23(16):48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ahuja TS, Niaz N, Agraharkar M. Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity in renal allograft recipients. Clin Nephrol. 2000;54:11–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Katzberg RW, Newhouse JH. Intravenous contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity: is the medical risk really as great as we have come to believe? Radiology. 2010;256(1):21–8. PubMed PMID: 20574082.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tonolini M, Bianco R. Multidetector CT cystography for imaging colovesical fistulas and iatrogenic bladder leaks. Insights Imaging. 2012;3(2):181–7. Epub 2012 Feb 4. PubMed PMID: 22696044; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3314733.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chan DP, Abujudeh HH, Cushing Jr GL, Novelline RA. CT cystography with multiplanar reformation for suspected bladder rupture: experience in 234 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(5): 1296–302. PubMed PMID: 17056919.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Titton RL, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, Harisinghani MG, Arellano RS, Mueller PR. Urine leaks and urinomas: diagnosis and imaging-guided intervention. Radiographics. 2003;23(5):1133–47. PubMed PMID: 12975505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ismaeel MM, Abdel-Hamid A. Role of high resolution contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (HR CeMRA) in management of arterial complications of the renal transplant. Eur J Radiol. 2011;79(2):e122–7. Epub 2011 May 20. PubMed PMID: 21601400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lanzman RS, Voiculescu A, Walther C, Ringelstein A, Bi X, Schmitt P, Freitag SM, Won S, Scherer A, Blondin D. ECG-gated nonenhanced 3D steady-state free precession MR angiography in assessment of transplant renal arteries: comparison with DSA. Radiology. 2009;252(3):914–21. PubMed PMID: 19635833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu X, Berg N, Sheehan J, Bi X, Weale P, Jerecic R, Carr J. Renal transplant: nonenhanced renal MR angiography with magnetization-prepared steady-state free precession. Radiology. 2009;251(2):535–42. Epub 2009 Mar 4. PubMed PMID: 19261926.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang Y, Alkasab TK, Narin O, Nazarian RM, Kaewlai R, Kay J, Abujudeh HH. Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after adoption of restrictive gadolinium-based contrast agent guidelines. Radiology. 2011;260(1):105–11. Epub 2011 May 17. PubMed PMID: 21586680.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Michaely HJ, Herrmann KA, Nael K, Oesingmann N, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO. Functional renal imaging: nonvascular renal disease. Abdom Imaging. 2007;32(1):1–16. Epub 2006 Jan 30. PubMed PMID: 16447077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sadowski EA, Djamali A, Wentland AL, Muehrer R, Becker BN, Grist TM, Fain SB. Blood oxygen level-dependent and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: detecting differences in oxygen bioavailability and blood flow in transplanted kidneys. Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;28(1):56–64. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PubMed PMID: 19577402; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2891158.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Palmucci S, Mauro LA, Veroux P, Failla G, Milone P, Ettorre GC, Sinagra N, Giuffrida G, Zerbo D, Veroux M. Magnetic resonance with diffusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of transplanted kidneys: preliminary findings. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(4):960–6. PubMed PMID: 21620026.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Artz NS, Sadowski EA, Wentland AL, Grist TM, Seo S, Djamali A, Fain SB. Arterial spin labeling MRI for assessment of perfusion in native and transplanted kidneys. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29(1):74–82. Epub 2010 Sep 17. PubMed PMID: 20850241; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3005910.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee CU, Glockner JF, Glaser KJ, Yin M, Chen J, Kawashima A, Kim B, Kremers WK, Ehman RL, Gloor JM. MR elastography in renal transplant patients and correlation with renal allograft biopsy: a feasibility study. Acad Radiol. 2012;19(7):834–41. Epub 2012 Apr 13. PubMed PMID: 22503893; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3377786.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bonekamp S, Corona-Villalobos CP, Kamel IR. Oncologic applications of diffusion-weighted MRI in the body. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;35(2):257–79. doi:10.1002/jmri.22786. PubMed PMID: 22271274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hohenwalter MD, Skowlund CJ, Erickson SJ, et al. Renal transplant evaluation with MR angiography and MR imaging. Radiographics. 2001;21:1505–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jain R, Sawhney S. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) in the evaluation of vascular complications of renal transplantation. Clin Radiol. 2005;60(11):1171–81. PubMed PMID: 16223613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. El-Maghraby TA, de Fijter JW, van Eck-Smit BL, Zwinderman AH, El-Haddad SI, Pauwels EK. Renographic indices for evaluation of changes in graft function. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25(11):1575–86. PubMed PMID: 9799356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hobart MG, Streem SB, Gill IS. Renal transplant complications: minimally invasive management. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27: 787–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sandhu C, Patel U. Renal transplant dysfunction: the role of interventional radiology. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:772–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim HS, Fine DM, Atta MG. Catheter-directed thrombectomy and thrombolysis for acute renal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(5):815–22. PubMed PMID: 16687747.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Melamed ML, Kim HS, Jaar BG, Molmenti E, Atta MG, Samaniego MD. Combined percutaneous mechanical and chemical thrombectomy for renal vein thrombosis in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(3):621–6. PubMed PMID: 15707419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kobayashi K, Censullo ML, Rossman LL, Kyriakides PN, Kahan BD, Cohen AM. Interventional radiologic management of renal transplant dysfunction: indications, limitations, and technical considerations. Radiographics. 2007;27(4):1109–30. PubMed PMID: 17620470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nicolini A, Ferraresso M, Lovaria M, et al. Carbon dioxide subtraction angiography for management of kidney transplant vascular complications. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:3388–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Moresco KP, Patel NH, Namyslowski Y, et al. Carbon dioxide angiography of the transplanted kidney: technical considerations and imaging findings. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:1271–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Beecroft JR, Rajan DK, Clark TW, Robinette M, Stavropoulos SW. Transplant renal artery stenosis: outcome after percutaneous intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(12):1407–13. PubMed PMID: 15590798.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Valpreda S, Messina M, Rabbia C. Stenting of transplant renal artery stenosis: outcome in a single center study. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2008;49(5):565–70. PubMed PMID: 18670375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Marini M, Fernandez-Rivera C, Cao I, Gulias D, Alonso A, Lopez-Muñiz A, Gómez-Martínez P. Treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stenting: study in 63 patients in a single institution. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(6):2205–7. PubMed PMID: 21839234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Pham PT, Pham PA, Pham PC, Parikh S, Danovitch G. Evaluation of adult kidney transplant candidates. Semin Dial. 2010;23(6):595–605. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00809.x. PubMed PMID: 21175834.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Catalá V, Martí T, Diaz JM, Cordeiro E, Samaniego J, Rosales A, De La Torre P. Use of multidetector CT in presurgical evaluation of potential kidney transplant recipients. Radiographics. 2010;30(2):517–31. PubMed PMID: 20228332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Koc F, Ozdemir K, Kaya MG, Dogdu O, Vatankulu MA, Ayhan S, Erkorkmaz U, Sonmez O, Aygul MU, Kalay N, Kayrak M, Karabag T, Alihanoglu Y, Gunebakmaz O. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine plus high-dose hydration versus high-dose hydration and standard hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: CASIS–a multicenter prospective controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155(3):418–23. Epub 2010 Nov 23. PubMed PMID: 21106264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Calabrò P, Bianchi R, Crisci M, Caprile M, Bigazzi MC, Palmieri R, Golia E, De Vita A, Romano IJ, Limongelli G, Russo MG, Calabrò R. Use and efficacy of saline hydration and N-acetyl cysteine to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in low-risk populations undergoing coronary artery angiography. Intern Emerg Med. 2011;6(6):503–7. Epub 2011 Jan 29. PubMed PMID: 21279477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bader BD, Berger ED, Heede MB, Silberbaur I, Duda S, Risler T, Erley CM. What is the best hydration regimen to prevent contrast media-induced nephrotoxicity? Clin Nephrol. 2004;62(1):1–7. PubMed PMID: 15267006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Smith D, Chudgar A, Daly B, Cooper M. Evaluation of potential renal transplant recipients with computed tomography angiography. Arch Surg. 2012;147(12):1114–22. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2012.1466. PubMed PMID: 23248013.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, Wolfe RA, Jones E, Disney AP, Briggs D, McCredie M, Boyle P. Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: an international collaborative study. Lancet. 1999;354(9173):93–9. PubMed PMID: 10408483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Park SB, Kim JK, Cho KS. Complications of renal transplantation: ultrasonographic evaluation. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(5):615–33. PubMed PMID: 17460004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jones JW, Hunter DW, Matas AJ. Post transplant lymphoceles: a critical look into the risk factors, pathophysiology and management. J Urol. 1993;150:22–6.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Linkowski GD, Warvariv V, Filly RA, et al. Sonography in the diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection and cyclosporin toxicity. Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:291–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kelcz F, Pozniak MA, Pirsch JD, Oberly TD. Pyramidal appearance and resistive index: insensitive and nonspecific sonographic indicators of renal transplant rejection. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155:531–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Don S, Kopecky KK, Filo RS, et al. Duplex Doppler US of renal allografts: causes of elevated resistive index. Radiology. 1989;171:709–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Genkins SM, Sanfillippo FP, Carroll BA. Duplex Doppler sonography of renal transplants: lack of sensitivity and specificity in establishing pathologic diagnosis. Am J Roentgenol. 1989;152:535–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Grant EG, Perrella RR. Wishing won’t make it so: duplex Doppler sonography in the evaluation of renal transplant dysfunction. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155:538–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Perchik JE, Baumgartner BR, Bernardino ME. Renal transplant rejection. Limited value of duplex Doppler sonography. Invest Radiol. 1991;26:422–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fischer T, Filimonow S, Dieckhöfer J, et al. Improved diagnosis of early kidney allograft dysfunction by ultrasound with echo enhancer–a new method for the diagnosis of renal perfusion. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(10):2921–9. Epub 2006 Jul 5. PMID: 16822787.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fischer T, Dieckhofer J, Muhler M, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced US in renal transplant: first results and potential clinical benefit. Eur Radiol. 2005;15 Suppl 5:E109–16. PMID: 18637238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Clevert DA, D’Anastasi M, Jung EM. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and microcirculation: efficiency through dynamics—current developments. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2013;53:171–86. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 22986755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Howard RJ, Patton PR, Reed AI, et al. The changing causes of graft loss and death after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2002;73:1923–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Shah A. Radionuclide imaging in organ transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 1995;33:473–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kim EE, Pjura G, Lowry P, et al. Cyclosporin-A nephrotoxicity and acute cellular rejection in renal transplant recipients: correlation between radionuclide and histologic findings. Radiology. 1986;159:443–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Eufrásio P, Parada B, Moreira P, Nunes P, Bollini S, Figueiredo A, Mota A. Surgical complications in 2000 renal transplants. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(1):142–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Aktas S, Boyvat F, Sevmis S, Moray G, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Analysis of vascular complications after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(2):557–61. PubMed PMID: 21440760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Grumbach K, Krebs TL, Pace ME, Daly BD, Chow CC, Johnson LB, Bartlett ST. Torsion of intraperitoneal renal transplants: imaging appearances. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:1355–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rouviere O, Berger P, Beziat C, et al. Acute thrombosis of renal transplant artery: graft salvage by means of intra-arterial fibrinolysis. Transplantation. 2002;73:403–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Reuther G, Wanjura D, Bauer H. Acute renal vein thrombosis in renal allografts: detection with duplex Doppler US. Radiology. 1989;170:557–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaveggia LP, Parrella RR, Grant EG, et al. Duplex Doppler sonography in renal allografts: the significance of reversed flow in diastole. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155:295–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Takahashi M, Humke U, Girndt M, et al. Early posttransplantation renal allograft perfusion failure due to dissection: diagnosis and interventional treatment. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:759–63.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Tublin ME, Dodd III GD. Sonography of renal transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 1995;33:447–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gufler H, Weimer W, Neu K, Wagner S, Rau WS. Contrast enhanced MR angiography with parallel imaging in the early period after renal transplantation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;29(4):909–16. PubMed PMID: 19306426.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jakobsen JA, Brabrand K, Egge TS, et al. Doppler examination of the allografted kidney. Acta Radiol. 2003;44:3–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hurst FP, Abbott KC, Neff RT, Elster EA, Falta EM, Lentine KL, Agodoa LY, Jindal RM. Incidence, predictors and outcomes of transplant renal artery stenosis after kidney transplantation: analysis of USRDS. Am J Nephrol. 2009;30(5):459–67. Epub 2009 Sep 24. PubMed PMID: 19776559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. de Morais RH, Muglia V, Mamere AE, et al. Duplex Doppler sonography of transplant renal artery stenosis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31:135–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ardalan MR, Tarzamani MK, Shoja MM. A correlation between direct and indirect Doppler ultrasonographic measures in transplant renal artery stenosis. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(5):1436–8. PubMed PMID: 17580156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Baxter GM, Ireland H, Moss JG, Harden PN, Junor BJ, Rodger RS, Briggs JD. Colour Doppler ultrasound in renal transplant artery stenosis: which Doppler index? Clin Radiol. 1995;50(9):618–22. PubMed PMID: 7554736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Snider JF, Hunter DW, Muradian GP, et al. Transplant renal artery stenosis: evaluation with duplex sonography. Radiology. 1989;172:1027–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Patel U, Khaw KK, Hughes NC. Doppler ultrasound for detection of renal transplant artery stenosis-threshold peak systolic velocity needs to be higher in a low-risk or surveillance population. Clin Radiol. 2003;58(10):772–7. PubMed PMID: 14521886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gottlieb RH, Lieberman JL, Pabico RC, Waldman DL. Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis in transplanted kidneys: value of Doppler waveform analysis of the intrarenal arteries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165(6):1441–6. PubMed PMID: 7484582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Cook A, Khoury A, Kader K, Hebert D, Navarro O, Pippi-Salle J, Farhat W. Does peak systolic velocity correlate with renal artery stenosis in a pediatric renal transplant population? Pediatr Transplant. 2006;10(5):608–12. PubMed PMID:16856998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Glockner JF, Takahashi N, Kawashima A, Woodrum DA, Stanley DW, Takei N, Miyoshi M, Sun W. Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance): comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31(6):1411–8. PubMed PMID: 20512894.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Utsunomiya D, Miyazaki M, Nomitsu Y, Komeda Y, Okigawa T, Urata J, Yamashita Y. Clinical role of non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Circ J. 2008;72(10):1627–30. Epub 2008 Aug 27. PubMed PMID: 18728334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Serai S, Towbin AJ, Podberesky DJ. Non-contrast MRA using an inflow-enhanced, inversion recovery SSFP technique in pediatric abdominal imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42(3):364–8. Epub 2011 Nov 10. PubMed PMID: 22072071.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Heer MK, Trevillian PR, Hardy DB, Hibberd AD. Salvaging kidneys with renal allograft compartment syndrome. Transpl Int. 2012;25(4):e47–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01442.x. Epub 2012 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 22309228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Yilmaz S, Monroy M, Nicolaou S, Salazar A. Renal allograft compartment syndrome: an underappreciated postoperative complication. Am J Surg. 2006;191(5):619–24. PubMed PMID: 16647348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Middleton WDE, Bellman GM, Melon GL, et al. Post-biopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas: color Doppler ultrasound characteristics. Radiology. 1989;171:253–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Loffroy R, Guiu B, Lambert A, Mousson C, Tanter Y, Martin L, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Management of post-biopsy renal allograft arteriovenous fistulas with selective arterial embolization: immediate and long-term outcomes. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(6):657–65. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 18455557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Pine J, Rajaganeshan R, Baker R, Lewington A, Patel J, Menon K, Kessel D, Ahmad N. Early postoperative renal vein stenosis after renal transplantation: a report of two cases. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(2):303–4. PubMed PMID: 20123217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Streeter EH, Little DM, Cranston DW, et al. The urological complications of renal transplantation: a series of 1535 patients. BJU Int. 2002;90:627–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fayek SA, Keenan J, Haririan A, Cooper M, Barth RN, Schweitzer E, Bromberg JS, Bartlett ST, Philosophe B. Ureteral stents are associated with reduced risk of ureteral complications after kidney transplantation: a large single center experience. Transplantation. 2012;93(3):304–8. PubMed PMID: 22179401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sackett DD, Singh P, Lallas CD. Urological involvement in renal transplantation. Int J Urol. 2011;18(3):185–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Faenza A, Nardo B, Catena F, et al. Ureteral stenosis after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 1999;12:334–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Berger PM, Diamond JR. Ureteral obstruction as complication of renal transplantation: a review. J Nephrol. 1998;11:20–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Salgado OJ, Martin MG, Urdaneta B, et al. Serial pulsatility index measurements in renal grafts before, during and after episodes of urinary obstruction. J Ultrasound Med. 1999;18:827–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zagdoun E, Ficheux M, Lobbedez T, Chatelet V, Thuillier-Lecouf A, Bensadoun H, Ryckelynck JP, Hurault de Ligny B. Complicated lymphoceles after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(10):4322–5. PubMed PMID: 21168691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ramos E, Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC, et al. Clinical course of polyoma virus nephropathy in 67 renal transplant patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2145–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Cannon RM, Ouseph R, Jones CM, Hughes MG, Eng M, Marvin MR. BK viral disease in renal transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2011;16(6):576–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Dall A, Hariharan S. BK virus nephritis after renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3 Suppl 2:S68–75. PubMed PMID: 18309005; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3152275.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gupta M, Miller F, Nord EP, Wadhwa NK. Delayed renal allograft dysfunction and cystitis associated with human polyomavirus (BK) infection in a renal transplant recipient: a case report and review of literature. Clin Nephrol. 2003;60:405–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Tremblay F, Fernandes M, Habbab F, deB Edwardes MD, Loertscher R, Meterissian S. Malignancy after renal transplantation: incidence and role of type of immunosuppression. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9(8):785–8. PubMed PMID: 12374662.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lutz J, Heemann U. Tumours after kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13(2):105–9. PubMed PMID: 12584469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Végsö G, Toronyi E, Hajdu M, Piros L, Görög D, Deák PA, Doros A, Péter A, Langer RM. Renal cell carcinoma of the native kidney: a frequent tumor after kidney transplantation with favorable prognosis in case of early diagnosis. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(4):1261–3. PubMed PMID: 21620106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni Jr JF, Kasiske BL, Israni AK, Snyder JJ, Wolfe RA, Goodrich NP, Bayakly AR, Clarke CA, Copeland G, Finch JL, Fleissner ML, Goodman MT, Kahn A, Koch L, Lynch CF, Madeleine MM, Pawlish K, Rao C, Williams MA, Castenson D, Curry M, Parsons R, Fant G, Lin M. Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA. 2011;306(17):1891–901.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson DT, Wang C. Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(6):905–13. PubMed PMID: 15147424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Szmidt J, Durlik M, Gałazka Z, Nazarewski S, Górnicka B, Ziarkiewicz-Wróblewska B, Bojakowski K, Nowacka-Cieciura E, Lao M. Low-stage renal carcinoma of the native kidneys in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2002;34(2):583–4. PubMed PMID: 12009631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Leveridge M, Musquera M, Evans A, Cardella C, Pei Y, Jewett M, Robinette M, Finelli A. Renal cell carcinoma in the native and allograft kidneys of renal transplant recipients. J Urol. 2011;186(1):219–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Klatte T, Marberger M. Renal cell carcinoma of native kidneys in renal transplant patients. Curr Opin Urol. 2011;21(5): 376–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Prando A, Prando D, Prando P. Renal cell carcinoma: unusual imaging manifestations. Radiographics. 2006;26(1):233–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Israel GM, Silverman SG. The incidental renal mass. Radiol Clin North Am. 2011;49:369–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Gerst S, Hann LE, Li D, Gonen M, Tickoo S, Sohn MJ, Russo P. Evaluation of renal masses with contrast-enhanced ultrasound: initial experience. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(4):897–906.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Fan L, Lianfang D, Jinfang X, Yijin S, Ying W. Diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in solid renal parenchymal lesions with maximum diameters of 5 cm. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(6):875–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Vikram R, Ng CS, Tamboli P, Tannir NM, Jonasch E, Matin SF, Wood CG, Sandler CM. Papillary renal cell carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation and spectrum of disease. Radiographics. 2009;29(3):741–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Cox J, Colli JL. Urothelial cancers after renal transplantation. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011;43(3):681–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Borhani AA, Hosseinzadeh K, Almusa O, Furlan A, Nalesnik M. Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Radiographics. 2009;29(4): 981–1000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ali MG, Coakley FV, Hricak H, Bretan PN. Complex posttransplantation abnormalities of renal allografts: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1999;211(1):95–100. PubMed PMID: 10189458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lopez-Ben R, Smith JK, Kew 2nd CE, Kenney PJ, Julian BA, Robbin ML. Focal posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder at the renal allograft hilum. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(5):1417–22. PubMed PMID: 11044055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA

    Maria Manning M.D. & Jade Wong-You-Cheong M.D.

Authors
  1. Maria Manning M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jade Wong-You-Cheong M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jade Wong-You-Cheong M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Matthew R. Weir

  2. Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois, Berwyn, Illinois, USA

    Edgar V. Lerma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manning, M., Wong-You-Cheong, J. (2014). Imaging of the Renal Transplant Recipient. In: Weir, M., Lerma, E. (eds) Kidney Transplantation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0342-9_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0342-9_32

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0341-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0342-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation