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Cerebral Angiogenesis During Development: Who Is Conducting the Orchestra?

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Cerebral Angiogenesis

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1135))

Abstract

Blood vessels provide the brain with the oxygen and the nutrients it requires to develop and function. Endothelial cells (ECs) are the principal cell type forming the vascular system and driving its development and remodeling. All vessels are lined by a single EC layer. Larger blood vessels are additionally enveloped by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes, which increase their stability and regulate their perfusion and form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The development of the vascular system occurs by two processes: (1) vasculogenesis, the de novo assembly of the first blood vessels, and (2) angiogenesis, the creation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones by sprouting from or by division of the original vessel. The walls of maturing vessels produce a basal lamina and recruit pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells for structural support. Whereas the process of vasculogenesis seems to be genetically programmed, angiogenesis is induced mainly by hypoxia in development and disease. Both processes and the subsequent vessel maturation are further orchestrated by a complex interplay of inhibiting and stimulating growth factors and their respective receptors, many of which are hypoxia-inducible. This chapter intends to give an overview about the array of factors directing the development and maintenance of the brain vasculature and their interdependent actions.

Ina M. Wittko-Schneider and Fabian T. Schneider have contributed equally to this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany

    Ina M. Wittko-Schneider

  2. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden

    Fabian T. Schneider

  3. Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany

    Karl H. Plate

Authors
  1. Ina M. Wittko-Schneider
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  2. Fabian T. Schneider
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  3. Karl H. Plate
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Richard Milner

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Wittko-Schneider, I.M., Schneider, F.T., Plate, K.H. (2014). Cerebral Angiogenesis During Development: Who Is Conducting the Orchestra?. In: Milner, R. (eds) Cerebral Angiogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1135. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0319-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0320-7

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