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The Biomechanics of Concussion: 60 Years of Experimental Research

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Concussions in Athletics

Abstract

Over the past 60 years, researchers across the planet have worked to understand the biomechanics of concussion and associated brain injuries. This chapter presents a summary of these efforts that begin with the human cadaver research performed in the 1950s and served as the foundation for the severity index and head injury criterion injury metrics. Following this research, experiments were performed on primates in order to quantify the injury physiology associated with concussion. More recently, the National Football League reconstructed concussive impacts and presented the first injury risk functions for concussion. The fourth dataset includes over two million head impacts measured with helmet instrumentation on volunteers playing football. By analyzing all of these data together, researchers have presented an array of injury risk functions for concussion that use both linear and rotational head acceleration parameters. Laboratory experiments utilize these risk functions to evaluate the performance of helmets and their ability to reduce the risk of concussion. Clinical studies have been performed that support and confirm the laboratory findings. The future of helmet testing will utilize a new impact system that more accurately reflects the head and neck kinematics the players experience during head impacts in sports.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the tremendous efforts and contributions of all researchers who contributed to advancing the understanding of brain injury over the past 60 years. Over the past 10 years we are very grateful to the agencies that sponsored our research projects that contributed to this chapter. Externally, we acknowledge funding from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute for Child Health and Human Development) (Contract No. R01HD048638), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratory, and the Department of Defense. Internally, we acknowledge support from the Institute for Critical Technologies and Applied Sciences, Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, and the Virginia Tech—Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences.

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  1. School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech—Wake Forest University, 313 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, MC 0298, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Stefan M. Duma Ph.D. & Steven Rowson Ph.D.

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  1. Stefan M. Duma Ph.D.
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  2. Steven Rowson Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Stefan M. Duma Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor, Director of Center for Sports Concussion Research and Services, Penn State - Hershey Medical College, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

    Semyon M. Slobounov

  2. Kalenak Professor in Orthopaedics, Director of Athletic Medicine, Penn State - Hershey Medical College, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wayne J. Sebastianelli

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Duma, S.M., Rowson, S. (2014). The Biomechanics of Concussion: 60 Years of Experimental Research. In: Slobounov, S., Sebastianelli, W. (eds) Concussions in Athletics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0295-8_7

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