Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Developmental Perspective on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood, has been the subject of research for over a century (Barkley, 1997, 2006). The intense interest in ADHD has produced a huge corpus of empirical data on putative etiological factors, the complex genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that appear to underlie ADHD, profiles of behavioral and cognitive functioning that characterize the disorder, the developmental course of ADHD from early childhood to adulthood, and treatments that are effective for some children with a diagnosis of ADHD. At the same time, specific causal mechanisms remain elusive, and the general consensus is that there are multiple causal pathways to ADHD, with environmental factors primarily serving to exacerbate or ameliorate symptom expression in children who are at some degree of biological risk for the disorder (Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Sonuga-Barke, Auerbach, Campbell, Daley, & Thompson, 2005).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., DuPaul, G. J., & Guevremont, D. C. (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 581–596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Costello, J., & Erklani, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten, A. F., Steere, J. C., & Hunt, R. D. (1996). The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 448–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, J. G., Berger, A., Atzaba-Poria, N., Arbelle, S., Cypin, N., Friedman, A., et al. (2008). Temperament at 7, 12, and 25 months in children at familial risk for ADHD. Infant and Child Development, 17, 321–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Mesman, J., Alink, L. R., & Juffer, F. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: A randomized control trial on 1-to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 805–820.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C., & Smallish, L. (1990). Adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546–557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2004). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Antisocial activities and drug use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 195–211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2006). Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 192–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Guevremont, D. C., Anastopoulos, A. D., DuPaul, G. J., & Shelton, T. L. (1993). Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young-adults – A 3-year to 5-year follow-up survey. Pediatrics, 92, 212–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K., & Fischer, M. (2007). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty, M. J., Liddle, E. B., Pitiot, A., Toro, R., Groom, M. J., Scerif, G., et al. (2010). Cortical gray matter in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 229–238.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pang, K. L. (2010). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early onset conduct disorder: Biological, environmental, and developmental mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 327–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Amor, L., Grizenko, N., Schwartz, G., Lageix, P., Baron, C., Ter-Stepanian, M., et al. (2005). Perinatal complications in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 30, 120–126.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, K., El-Faddagh, M., Schmidt, M. H., Esser, G., & Laucht, M. (2008). Interaction of dopamine transporter genotype with prenatal smoke exposure on ADHD symptoms. Journal of Pediatrics, 152, 263–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berwid, O. G., Curko Kera, E. A., Marks, D. J., Santra, A., Bender, H. A., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1219–1229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berwid, O. G., & Halperin, J. M. (2012). Emerging support for a role of exercise in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder intervention planning. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(5), 543–551.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Craddock, M. M., & Anand, K. J. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 728–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A., et al. (1996). Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 343–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S., & Monuteaux, B. (2002). Differential effect of environmental adversity by gender: Rutter’s index of adversity in a group of boys and girls with and without ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1556–1562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bor, W., Sanders, M. R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2002). The effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 571–587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, K. J., Mill, J., Guindalini, C., Curran, S., Xu, X. H., Knight, J., et al. (2006). A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 74–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brophy, K., Hawi, Z., Kirley, A., Fitzgerald, M., & Gill, M. (2002). Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Evidence of linkage and association in the Irish population. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 913–917.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broyd, S. J., Demanuele, C., Debener, S., Helps, S. K., James, C. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009). Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 279–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, G., Spencer, T. J., Holmes, J., Shin, L. M., Valera, E. M., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2008). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of methylphenidate and placebo in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the multi-source interference task. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 102–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B. (2002). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B., Pierce, E. W., Moore, G., Marakovitz, S., & Newby, K. (1996). Boys’ externalizing problems at elementary school: Pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 701–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B., Pierce, E. W., March, C. L., Ewing, L. J., & Szumowski, E. K. (1994). Hard-to-manage preschool boys: Symptomatic behavior across contexts and time. Child Development, 65, 836–851.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B., & von Stauffenberg, C. (2008). Child characteristics and family processes that predict behavioral readiness for school. In A. Booth & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), Early disparities in school readiness: How do families contribute to successful and unsuccessful transitions into school? (pp. 225–258). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B., & von Stauffenberg, C. (2009). Delay and inhibition as early predictors of ADHD symptoms in third grade. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona, S., Proal, E., Hoekzema, E. A., Gispert, J. D., Picado, M., Moreno, I., et al. (2009). Ventro-striatal reductions underpin symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 972–977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression modified by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos, F. X., Lee, P. P., Sharp, W., Jeffries, N. O., Greenstein, D. K., Clasen, L. S., et al. (2002). Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1740–1748.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., & Brown, C. R. (2002). EEG evidence for a new conceptualisation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113, 1036–1044.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coghill, D., Nigg, J., Rothenberger, A., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Tannock, R. (2005). Wither causal models in the neuroscience of ADHD? Developmental Science, 8, 105–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coghill, D., & Seth, S. (2011). Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coghill, D., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in the classification and conceptualization of child and adolescent mental disorders – implications of recent empirical study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 469–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (2000). Forty years of methylphenidate treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 6(Suppl. 1), S17–S30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erklani, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Counts, C. A., Nigg, J. T., Stawicki, J. A., Rappeley, M. D., & Von Eye, A. (2005). Family adversity in DSM-IV ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes and associated disruptive behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 690–698.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Research, theory, and clinical implications. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein, S. G., Bannon, K., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2006). The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1051–1062.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuPaul, G. J., & Kern, L. (2011). Young children with ADHD: Early identification and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durston, S., van Belle, J., & de Zeeuw, P. (2011). Differentiating frontostriatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 1178–1184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison-Wright, I., Ellison-Wright, Z., & Bullmore, E. (2008). Structural brain change in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identified by meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 51.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erhardt, D., & Baker, B. L. (1990). The effects of behavioral parent training on families with young hyperactive children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 21, 121–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Burrows-MacLean, L., Coles, E. K., Chacko, A., et al. (2007). The single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavior modification and methylphenidate for children with ADHD in a classroom setting. School Psychology Review, 36, 195–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Posner, J., Nagel, B. J., Bathula, D., Dias, T. G., Mills, K. L., et al. (2011). Atypical default network connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 1084–1091.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Mick, E., Murray, K., Petty, C., et al. (2006). Diagnosing adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Are late onset and subthreshold diagnoses valid? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1720–1729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., et al. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1313–1323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18, 543–555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. (2012). Rare and common variants: Twenty arguments. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13, 135–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, P. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2011). Sustained attention development during toddlerhood to preschool period: Associations with toddlers’ emotion regulation strategies and maternal behavior. Infant and Child Development, 20, 389–408.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, L. L., Halperin, J. M., & Abikoff, H. (1999). Stimulant medications. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 503–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greven, C. U., Asherson, P., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Plomin, R. (2011). A longitudinal twin study on the association between inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 623–632.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. M., Bédard, A. C. V., & Curchack-Lichtin, J. T. (2012). Preventive interventions for ADHD: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 531–541.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. M., & Healey, D. M. (2011). The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 621–634.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. M., Marks, D. J., Bédard, A. C. V., Chacko, A., Curchack, J. T., Yoon, C. A., et al. (2013). Training executive, attention and motor skills (TEAMS): A proof-of-concept study in preschool children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(8), 711–721.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P. (2006). Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 560–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. M., Trampush, J. W., Miller, C. J., Marks, D. J., & Newcorn, J. H. (2008). Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD: Profiles of persisters, remitters, and controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 958–966.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanwella, R., Senanayake, M., & de Silva, V. (2011). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 176.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 729–749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harty, S. C., Ivanov, I., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2011). The impact of conduct disorder and stimulant medication on later substance use in an ethnically diverse sample of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 21, 331–339.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healey, D. M., Miller, C. J., Castelli, K. L., Marks, D. J., & Halperin, J. M. (2008). The impact of impairment criteria on the rates of ADHD diagnoses in preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 771–778.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. L., Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2006). Profiles of externalizing behavior problems for boys and girls across preschool: The roles of emotion regulation and inattention. Developmental Psychology, 42, 913–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Sami, N., & Fargeon, S. (2006). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adolescence: Evidence for continuing cross-domain impairment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 489–499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., et al. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD–a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 177–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Lee, S., & Willcutt, E. (2005). Instability of DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 896–902.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., Lee, S. S., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pelham, W. E., Waldman, I. D., et al. (2011). Interactions between early parenting and a polymorphism of the child’s dopamine transporter gene in predicting future child conduct disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 33–45.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., & Willcutt, E. G. (2010). Predictive validity of a continuous alternative to nominal subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for DSM-V. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 761–775.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. S., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2006). Predictors of adolescent functioning in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of childhood ADHD, conduct problems, and peer status. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 356–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. S., Lahey, B. B., Owens, E. B., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2008). Few preschool boys and girls with ADHD are well-adjusted during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 373–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, E. B., Hollis, C., Batty, M. J., Groom, M. J., Totman, J. J., Liotti, M., et al. (2011). Task-related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in ADHD: Effects of motivation and methylphenidate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 761–771.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linares, T. J., Singer, L. T., Kirchner, H. L., Short, E. J., Min, M. O., Hussey, P., et al. (2006). Mental health outcomes of cocaine-exposed children at 6 years of age. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 85–97.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lionel, A. C., Crosbie, J., Barbosa, N., Goodale, T., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Rickaby, J., et al. (2011). Rare copy number variation discovery and cross-disorder comparisons identify risk genes for ADHD. Science Translational Medicine, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madras, B. K., Miller, G. M., & Fischman, A. I. (2005). The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1397–1409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & Hynes, M. E. (1997). Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1122–1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bonagura, N., Malloy, P., Giampino, T. L., & Addalli, K. A. (1991). Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 77–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marco, R., Miranda, A., Schlotz, W., Melia, A., Mulligan, A., Muller, U., et al. (2009). Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion. Neuropsychology, 23, 367–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interaction. Child Development, 81, 41–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metin, B., Roeyers, H., Wiersema, R., van der Meere, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2012). A meta-analytic study of event rate effects on go/no-go performance in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72(12), 990–996.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mick, E., Byrne, D., Fried, R., Monuteaux, M., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2011). Predictors of ADHD persistence in girls at 5-year follow-up. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 183–192.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milich, R., Balentine, A., & Lynam, D. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 463–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Flory, J. D., Miller, S. R., Harty, S. C., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2008). Childhood ADHD and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: A prospective follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1476–1483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokrova, I., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2010). Parental ADHD symptomatology and ineffective parenting: The connecting link of home chaos. Parenting: Science and Practice, 10, 119–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B. S., Bukstein, O. G., & Lynch, K. G. (2002). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder symptomatology in adolescents with alcohol use disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 16, 161–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B. S., Flory, K., Hinshaw, S. P., Greiner, A. R., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., et al. (2007). Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: Prevalence, course, and treatment effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1028–1040.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., et al. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 484–500.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B. S., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (2003). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 497–507.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). 14-Month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • MTA Cooperative Group. (2004). National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-Month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 113, 754–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neale, B. M., Medland, S. E., Ripke, S., Asherson, P., Franke, B., Lesch, K. P., et al. (2010). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 884–897.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. (2006). What causes ADHD? New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004). Temperament and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The development of a multiple pathway model. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 42–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1224–1230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, Y., Marks, D. J., & Halperin, J. M. (2010). Prenatal exposure to maternal and paternal smoking on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnosis in offspring. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 672–678.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oades, R. D., Lasky-Su, J., Christiansen, H., Faraone, S. V., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2008). The influence of serotonin- and other genes on impulsive behavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Findings from a family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4, 4–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oades, R. D., Sadile, A. G., Sagvolden, T., Viggiano, D., Zuddas, A., Devoto, P., et al. (2005). The control of responsiveness in ADHD by catecholamines: Evidence for dopaminergic, noradrenergic and interactive roles. Developmental Science, 8, 122–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2003). Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1025–1036.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Kerr, D., Lopez, N. L., & Wellman, H. M. (2005). Developmental foundations of externalizing problems in young children: The role of effortful control. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 25–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Fabiano, G. A. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 184–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., Wheeler, T., & Chronis, A. (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 190–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, B. S., Potenza, M. N., Wang, Z. S., Zhu, H., Martin, A., Marsh, R., et al. (2009). An fMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1286–1294.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickles, A., & Angold, A. (2003). Natural categories or fundamental dimensions: On carving nature at the joints and the re-articulation of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 613–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, E. W., Ewing, L. J., & Campbell, S. B. (1999). Diagnostic status and symptomatic behavior of hard-to-manage preschool children in middle childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 44–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisecco, S., Huzinec, C., & Curtis, D. (2001). The effect of child characteristics on teachers’ acceptability of classroom-based behavioral strategies and psychostimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 413–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisterman, S., Firestone, P., McGrath, P., Goodman, J. T., Webster, I., Mallory, R., et al. (1992). The role of parent training in treatment of preschoolers with ADDH. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 397–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plessen, K. J., Bansal, R., Zhu, H. T., Whiteman, R., Amat, J., Quackenbush, J. A., et al. (2006). Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 795–807.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R. (2005). The neuropsychopharmacology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1385–1390.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poelmans, G., Pauls, D. L., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2011). Integrated genome-wide association study findings: Identification of a neurodevelopmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 365–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power, T. J., Hess, L. E., & Bennett, D. S. (1995). The acceptability of interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary and middle school teachers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 238–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 825–837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, 5th ed., pp. 105–176). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., Toone, B., & Taylor, E. (2005). Abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection in medication-naive adolescents with ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1067–1075.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (2000). Psychosocial influences: Critiques, findings, and research needs. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 375–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and behavior: Nature-nurture interplay explained. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheres, A., Milham, M. P., Knutson, B., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 720–724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. P., Newcorn, J. H., Fan, J., Tang, C. Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Brain activation gradients in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex related to persistence of ADHD in adolescent boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 47–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 466–485.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seipp, C. M., & Johnston, C. (2005). Mother-son interactions in families of boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 87–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248–1255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, L., Tsal, Y., & Mevorach, C. (2007). Computerized progressive attentional training (CPAT) program: Effective direct intervention for children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 382–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., et al. (2007). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104, 199649–199654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheese, B. E., Voelker, P. M., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1039–1046.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Auerbach, J., Campbell, S. B., Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2005). Preschool varieties of hyperactive and dysregulated behaviour: Multiple pathways between risk and disorder. Developmental Science, 8, 141–150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Bitsakou, P., & Thompson, M. (2010). Beyond the dual pathway model: Evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 345–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007). Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: A neurobiological hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31, 977–986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Dalen, L., Daley, D., & Remington, B. (2002). Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms? Developmental Neuropsychology, 21, 255–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Daley, D., Thompson, M., Laver-Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 402–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Fairchild, G. (2012). Neuroeconomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential influences of medial, dorsal, and ventral prefrontal brain networks on suboptimal decision making? Biological Psychiatry, 72, 126–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Halperin, J. (2010). Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Potential targets for early intervention? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 368–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Oades, R. D., Psychogiou, L., Chen, W., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J., et al. (2009). Dopamine and serotonin transporter genotypes moderate sensitivity to maternal expressed emotion: The case of conduct and emotional problems in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1052–1063.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Elliott, G. R., Greenhill, L. L., Wigal, T., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., et al. (2007). Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across three years in the MTA follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1015–1027.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Kraemer, H. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 168–179.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamm, L., Nakonezny, P. A., & Hughes, C. W. (2012). An open trial of a metacognitive executive function training for young children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. doi:10.1177/1087054712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E., & Rogers, J. W. (2005). Early adversity and developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 451–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., Fowler, T., Rice, F., Scourfield, J., van den Bree, M., Thomas, H., et al. (2003). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1985–1989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., O’Donovan, M., & Owen, M. J. (2005). The genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Molecular Genetics, 14, 272–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., Rice, F., Hay, D., Boivin, J., Langley, K., van den Bree, M., et al. (2009). Prenatal smoking might not cause attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a novel design. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 722–727.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. J., Laver-Bradbury, C., Ayres, M., Le Poidevin, E., Mead, S., Dodds, C., et al. (2009). A small-scale randomized controlled trial of the revised new forest parenting programme for preschoolers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 605–616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya, C. J., Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., & Zalecki, C. A. (2005). Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal οf Psychiatry, 162, 1605–1613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valera, E. M., Faraone, S. V., Murray, K. E., & Seidman, L. J. (2007). Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1361–1369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hoofdakker, B. J., Nauta, M. H., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., van der Veen-Mulders, L., Sytema, S., Emmelkamp, P. M., et al. (2012). Dopamine transporter gene moderates response to behavioral parent training in children with ADHD: A pilot study. Developmental Psychology, 48, 567–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Ewijk, H., Heslenfeld, D. J., Zwiers, M. P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 1093–1106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaurio, L., Riley, E. R., & Mattson, S. N. (2008). Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 119–129.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Tomasi, D., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., et al. (2012). Methylphenidate-elicited dopamine increases in ventral striatum are associated with long-term symptom improvement in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 841–849.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008). ADHD symptoms and executive function impairment: Early predictors of later behavioral problems. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 160–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyant, L. L., & DuPaul, G. (2006). ADHD in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 9–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiersema, R., Van der Meere, J., Antrop, I., & Roeyers, H. (2006). State regulation in adult ADHD: An event-related potential study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuro-psychology, 28, 1113–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigal, T., Greenhill, L., Chuang, S., McGough, J., Vitiello, B., Skrobala, A., et al. (2006). Safety and tolerability of methylphenidate in preschool children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1294–1303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000). Comorbidity between reading disability and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differences by gender and subtype. Journal of Learning Disorders, 33, 179–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, M., Pek, J., Greenberg, M. T., & The Family Life Project Investigators. (2012). Parent-reported attention deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology in preschool-aged children: Factor structure, developmental change, and early risk factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1301–1312.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winstanley, C. A., Eagle, D. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2006). Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: Translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 379–395.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolraich, M., Brown, L., Brown, R. T., DuPaul, G., Earls, M., Feldman, H. M., et al. (2011). ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128, 1007–1022.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolosin, S. M., Richardson, M. E., Hennessey, J. G., Denckla, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2009). Abnormal cerebral cortex structure in children with ADHD. Human Brain mapping, 30, 175–184.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zito, J. M., Daniel, J. S., dosReis, S., Gardner, J. F., Boles, M., & Lynch, F. (2000). Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 1025–1030.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Susan B. Campbell Ph.D.

  2. Department of Psychology, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA

    Jeffrey M. Halperin Ph.D.

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1B5, UK

    Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke Ph.D.

  4. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Susan B. Campbell Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffrey M. Halperin Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan B. Campbell Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Study of Child Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    Michael Lewis

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA

    Karen D. Rudolph

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Campbell, S.B., Halperin, J.M., Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2014). A Developmental Perspective on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In: Lewis, M., Rudolph, K. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation