Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Pulmonary Manifestations of Sarcoidosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM,volume 17))

Abstract

The pulmonary manifestation of sarcoidosis has a great variability and is notorious for mimicking many other interstitial lung diseases. Knowledge of pulmonary manifestations is important in diagnosing saroidosis because thoracic involvement is present in over 90 % of patients. In this chapter, classical findings on chest X-ray and HRCT are described as well as multiple uncommon findings in radiology. The most common findings are bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, reticulonodular pattern, perilymphatic distribution of nodules, and predominant upper- and middle lobe parenchymal abnormalities. Uncommon findings are unilateral lymphadenopathy, reticular pattern, excessive ground glass opacities, pleural disease, solitary mass, and predominant lower lobe parenchymal abnormalities. Furthermore, the appearance of pulmonary hypertension and necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis will be described. Finally, imaging of pulmonary sarcoidosis with positron emission tomography with 18F-Fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) will be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BHL:

Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

COP:

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

HRCT:

High resolution computed tomography

LIP:

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

NSG:

Necrotizing sarcoid angiitis and granulomatosis

PET:

Positron emission tomography

SPL:

Secondary pulmonary lobule

SURT:

Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract

References

  1. Hillerdal G, Nou E, Osterman K, Schmekel B. Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130(1):29–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lynch 3rd JP, Kazerooni EA, Gay SE. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 1997;18(4): 755–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reich JM. Mortality of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in referral vs population-based settings: influence of stage, ethnicity, and corticosteroid therapy. Chest. 2002;121(1):32–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hendrick DJ, Blackwood RA, Black JM. Chest pain in the presentation of sarcoidosis. Br J Dis Chest. 1976;70(3):206–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cappell MS. Endoscopic, radiographic, and manometric findings in dysphagia associated with sarcoid due to extrinsic esophageal compression from subcarinal lymphadenopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(3):489–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Scadding JG. Prognosis of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in England. A review of 136 cases after five years’ observation. Br Med J. 1961;2(5261):1165–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Grutters JC, Drent M, Van den Bosch JMM. European Respiratory Society Monograph 2009; 46(Interstitial Lung Diseases):126-54. doi:10.1183/1025448x.00046008.

  8. Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(2):736–55.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Rossman MD, Yeager Jr H, Bresnitz EA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nunes H, Brillet PY, Valeyre D, Brauner MW, Wells AU. Imaging in sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;28(1):102–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bechtel JJ, Starr 3rd T, Dantzker DR, Bower JS. Airway hyperreactivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;124(6):759–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Marcias S, Ledda MA, Perra R, Severino C, Rosetti L. Aspecific bronchial hyperreactivity in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis. 1994;11(2):118–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Shorr AF, Torrington KG, Hnatiuk OW. Endobronchial involvement and airway hyperreactivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2001;120(3):881–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Baughman RP, Lower EE, Tami T. Upper airway. 4: Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). Thorax. 2010;65(2):181–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. James DG, Barter S, Jash D, MacKinnon DM, Carstairs LS. Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). J Laryngol Otol. 1982;96(8):711–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Panselinas E, Halstead L, Schlosser RJ, Judson MA. Clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, treatment options, and outcome in sarcoidosis patients with upper respiratory tract involvement. South Med J. 2010;103(9):870–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shorr AF, Torrington KG, Hnatiuk OW. Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest. 2001;120(1):109–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chambellan A, Turbie P, Nunes H, Brauner M, Battesti JP, Valeyre D. Endoluminal stenosis of proximal bronchi in sarcoidosis: bronchoscopy, function, and evolution. Chest. 2005;127(2): 472–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kirks DR, McCormick VD, Greenspan RH. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenologic analysis of 150 patients. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1973;117(4):777–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. James DG, Neville E, Siltzbach LE. A worldwide review of sarcoidosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976;278:321–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Siltzbach LE, James DG, Neville E, Turiaf J, Battesti JP, Sharma OP, et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med. 1974;57(6):847–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sider L, Horton Jr ES. Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy in sarcoidosis as detected by computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging. 1990;5(2):77–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Patil SN, Levin DL. Distribution of thoracic lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis using computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging. 1999;14(2):114–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Niimi H, Kang EY, Kwong JS, Carignan S, Muller NL. CT of chronic infiltrative lung disease: prevalence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20(2):305–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gawne-Cain ML, Hansell DM. The pattern and distribution of calcified mediastinal lymph nodes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: a CT study. Clin Radiol. 1996;51(4):263–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rabinowitz JG, Ulreich S, Soriano C. The usual unusual manifestations of sarcoidosis and the “hilar haze” – a new diagnostic aid. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1974;120(4):821–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Romer FK. Presentation of sarcoidosis and outcome of pulmonary changes. Dan Med Bull. 1982;29(1):27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Spann RW, Rosenow 3rd EC, DeRemee RA, Miller WE. Unilateral hilar or paratracheal adenopathy in sarcoidosis: a study of 38 cases. Thorax. 1971;26(3):296–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Murdoch J, Muller NL. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: changes on follow-up CT examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159(3):473–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. McLoud TC, Putman CE, Pascual R. Eggshell calcification with systemic sarcoidosis. Chest. 1974;66(5):515–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Webb WR. Thin-section CT, of the secondary pulmonary lobule: anatomy and the image – the 2004 Fleischner lecture. Radiology. 2006;239(2):322–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McLoud TC, Epler GR, Gaensler EA, Burke GW, Carrington CB. A radiographic classification for sarcoidosis: physiologic correlation. Invest Radiol. 1982;17(2):129–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Israel HL, Karlin P, Menduke H, DeLisser OG. Factors affecting outcome of sarcoidosis. Influence of race, extrathoracic involvement, and initial radiologic lung lesions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;465:609–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nishimura K, Itoh H, Kitaichi M, Nagai S, Izumi T. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: correlation of CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 1993;189(1):105–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Padley SP, Padhani AR, Nicholson A, Hansell DM. Pulmonary sarcoidosis mimicking cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis on CT. Clin Radiol. 1996;51(11):807–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sharma OP, Hewlett R, Gordonson J. Nodular sarcoidosis: an unusual radiographic appearance. Chest. 1973;64(2):189–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Battesti JP, Saumon G, Valeyre D, Amouroux J, Pechnick B, Sandron D, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis with an alveolar radiographic pattern. Thorax. 1982;37(6):448–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. McNicol MW, Luce PJ. Sarcoidosis in a racially mixed community. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1985;19(3):179–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Malaisamy S, Dalal B, Bimenyuy C, Soubani AO. The clinical and radiologic features of nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung. 2009;187(1):9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Edelman RR, Johnson TS, Jhaveri HS, Kim D, Kasdon E, Frank HA, et al. Fatal hemoptysis resulting from erosion of a pulmonary artery in cavitary sarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145(1):37–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Loh GA, Lettieri CJ, Shah AA. Bronchial arterial embolisation for massive haemoptysis in cavitary sarcoidosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-008268.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Leung AN, Brauner MW, Caillat-Vigneron N, Valeyre D, Grenier P. Sarcoidosis activity: correlation of HRCT findings with those of 67Ga scanning, bronchoalveolar lavage, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme assay. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1998;22(2):229–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Brauner MW, Grenier P, Mompoint D, Lenoir S, de Cremoux H. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: evaluation with high-resolution CT. Radiology. 1989;172(2):467–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Abehsera M, Valeyre D, Grenier P, Jaillet H, Battesti JP, Brauner MW. Sarcoidosis with pulmonary fibrosis: CT patterns and correlation with pulmonary function. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(6):1751–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Remy-Jardin M, Giraud F, Remy J, Wattinne L, Wallaert B, Duhamel A. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: role of CT in the evaluation of disease activity and functional impairment and in prognosis assessment. Radiology. 1994;191(3):675–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Barreto MM, de Andrade FT, Rodrigues RS. Atypical distribution of small nodules on high resolution CT studies: patterns and differentials. Respir Med. 2011;105(9):1263–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Voloudaki AE, Bouros DE, Froudarakis ME, Datseris GE, Apostolaki EG, Gourtsoyiannis NC. Crescentic and ring-shaped opacities. CT features in two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Acta Radiol. 1996;37(6):889–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Mano CM, Hochhegger B, Irion KL. The reversed halo sign: another atypical manifestation of sarcoidosis. Korean J Radiol. 2010;11(2):251–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Zompatori M, Poletti V, Battista G, Diegoli M. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), presenting as a ring-shaped opacity at HRCT (the atoll sign). A case report. Radiol Med. 1999;97(4):308–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Marten K, Rummeny EJ, Engelke C. The CT halo: a new sign in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Br J Radiol. 2004;77(924):1042–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Grenier P, Chevret S, Beigelman C, Brauner MW, Chastang C, Valeyre D. Chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: determination of the diagnostic value of clinical data, chest radiography, and CT and Bayesian analysis. Radiology. 1994;191(2):383–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Grenier P, Valeyre D, Cluzel P, Brauner MW, Lenoir S, Chastang C. Chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease: diagnostic value of chest radiography and high-resolution CT. Radiology. 1991;179(1):123–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Martin SG, Kronek LP, Valeyre D, Brauner N, Brillet PY, Nunes H, et al. High-resolution computed tomography to differentiate chronic diffuse interstitial lung diseases with predominant ground-glass pattern using logical analysis of data. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(6):1297–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Moller DR. Pulmonary fibrosis of sarcoidosis. New approaches, old ideas. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29(3 Suppl):S37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Freundlich IM, Libshitz HI, Glassman LM, Israel HL. Sarcoidosis. Typical and atypical thoracic manifestations and complications. Clin Radiol. 1970;21(4):376–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Primack SL, Hartman TE, Hansell DM, Muller NL. End-stage lung disease: CT findings in 61 patients. Radiology. 1993;189(3):681–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Davies CW, Tasker AD, Padley SP, Davies RJ, Gleeson FV. Air trapping in sarcoidosis on computed tomography: correlation with lung function. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(3):217–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hansell DM, Milne DG, Wilsher ML, Wells AU. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: morphologic associations of airflow obstruction at thin-section CT. Radiology. 1998;209(3):697–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bartz RR, Stern EJ. Airways obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis: expiratory CT scan findings. J Thorac Imaging. 2000;15(4):285–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pena TA, Soubani AO, Samavati L. Aspergillus lung disease in patients with sarcoidosis: a case series and review of the literature. Lung. 2011;189(2):167–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Pesle GD, Monod O. Bronchiectasis due to asperigilloma. Dis Chest. 1954;25(2):172–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chusid EL, Siltzbach LE. Sarcoidosis of the pleura. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81(2):190–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sharma OP, Gordonson J. Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a report of six cases. Thorax. 1975;30(1):95–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Beekman JF, Zimmet SM, Chun BK, Miranda AA, Katz S. Spectrum of pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136(3):323–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Wilen SB, Rabinowitz JG, Ulreich S, Lyons HA. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med. 1974;57(2):200–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tommasini A, Di Vittorio G, Facchinetti F, Festi G, Schito V, Cipriani A. Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a case report. Sarcoidosis. 1994;11(2):138–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Soskel NT, Sharma OP. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000;6(5):455–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Huggins JT, Doelken P, Sahn SA, King L, Judson MA. Pleural effusions in a series of 181 outpatients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;129(6):1599–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Littner MR, Schachter EN, Putman CE, Odero DO, Gee JB. The clinical assessment of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Med. 1977;62(3):361–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Aberg H, Bah M, Waters AW. Sarcoidosis: complicated by chylothorax. Minn Med. 1966;49(7):1065–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Jarman PR, Whyte MK, Sabroe I, Hughes JM. Sarcoidosis presenting with chylothorax. Thorax. 1995;50(12):1324–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lengyel RJ, Shanley DJ. Recurrent chylothorax associated with sarcoidosis. Hawaii Med J. 1995;54(12):817–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Parker JM, Torrington KG, Phillips YY. Sarcoidosis complicated by chylothorax. South Med J. 1994;87(8):860–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hours S, Nunes H, Kambouchner M, Uzunhan Y, Brauner MW, Valeyre D, et al. Pulmonary cavitary sarcoidosis: clinico-radiologic characteristics and natural history of a rare form of sarcoidosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87(3):142–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Froudarakis ME, Bouros D, Voloudaki A, Papiris S, Kottakis Y, Constantopoulos SH, et al. Pneumothorax as a first manifestation of sarcoidosis. Chest. 1997;112(1):278–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Akelsson IG, Eklund A, Skold CM, Tornling G. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax and sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis. 1990;7(2):136–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Popper HH, Klemen H, Colby TV, Churg A. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis – is it different from nodular sarcoidosis? Pneumologie. 2003;57(5):268–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Feigin DS, Garancis JC, Ward PA. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic findings. Hum Pathol. 1980;11(5 Suppl):510–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rosen Y. Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;28(1):36–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Liebow AA. The J. Burns Amberson lecture – pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973;108(1):1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Yeboah J, Afkhami M, Lee C, Sharma OP. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(5):493–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, Fushimi Y, Ohta K, Mishima M, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;129(5):1246–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sulica R, Teirstein AS, Kakarla S, Nemani N, Behnegar A, Padilla ML. Distinctive clinical, radiographic, and functional characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2005;128(3):1483–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Nunes H, Humbert M, Capron F, Brauner M, Sitbon O, Battesti JP, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax. 2006;61(1):68–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Freynet O, Humbert M, Brillet PY, Kambouchner M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension complicating sarcoidosis. Presse Med. 2012;41(6 Pt 2):e303–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Braun JJ, Kessler R, Constantinesco A, Imperiale A. 18F-FDG PET/CT in sarcoidosis management: review and report of 20 cases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(8):1537–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Keijsers RG, Verzijlbergen FJ, Oyen WJ, van den Bosch JM, Ruven HJ, van Velzen-Blad H, et al. 18F-FDG PET, genotype-corrected ACE and sIL-2R in newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36(7):1131–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Teirstein AS, Machac J, Almeida O, Lu P, Padilla ML, Iannuzzi MC. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2007;132(6):1949–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mostard RL, Voo S, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Verschakelen JA, Wijnen PA, Nelemans PJ, et al. Inflammatory activity assessment by F18 FDG-PET/CT in persistent symptomatic sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2011;105(12):1917–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Keijsers RG, Verzijlbergen EJ, van den Bosch JM, Zanen P, van de Garde EM, Oyen WJ, et al. 18F-FDG PET as a predictor of pulmonary function in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2011;28(2):123–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

    Marcel Veltkamp M.D., Ph.D. & Jan C. Grutters M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

    Marcel Veltkamp M.D., Ph.D. & Jan C. Grutters M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Jan C. Grutters M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Marcel Veltkamp M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jan C. Grutters M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcel Veltkamp M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA

    Marc A. Judson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Veltkamp, M., Grutters, J.C. (2014). The Pulmonary Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. In: Judson, M. (eds) Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Respiratory Medicine, vol 17. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8927-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8927-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8926-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8927-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation