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Proviral DNA Synthesis in HIV: Background

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase

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Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stores its genetic information in the form of RNA. This RNA genome is introduced into the target cell during infection. The virus belongs to the family of retroviruses, as it is able to reverse the normal flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA by copying its RNA genome into DNA using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT). Each viral particle contains two copies of positive-strand RNA genome enclosed by a core composed of 2,000 copies of the capsid (CA) protein. The RNA genome is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins (NC) and other enzymes needed for the early steps of viral infection and is protected by a capsid surrounded by a shell composed of matrix (MA) proteins. The shell is located underneath the virion envelope, a plasma membrane of host-cell origin. During infection, the viral envelope fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the capsid into the cytoplasm. Thereafter, the RNA genome undergoes a multistep process of conversion into DNA within the reverse transcription complex (RTC) (Fig. 2.1). After reverse transcription, the newly synthesized DNA is integrated into the host nuclear genome and permanently linked with their target cells.

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  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, 672, Rochester, NY, USA

    Dorota Piekna-Przybylska Ph.D. & Robert A. Bambara Ph.D.

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  1. Dorota Piekna-Przybylska Ph.D.
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  2. Robert A. Bambara Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Robert A. Bambara Ph.D. .

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  1. , HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA

    Stuart LeGrice

  2. McGill University, 3775 University Street 3755, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Québec, Canada

    Matthias Gotte

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Piekna-Przybylska, D., Bambara, R.A. (2013). Proviral DNA Synthesis in HIV: Background. In: LeGrice, S., Gotte, M. (eds) Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7291-9_2

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