Abstract
In this chapter we address three sets of questions about the present and future role of canopy science within the larger context of forest science. First we review research that either promotes or constrains canopy science as a distinct field. Second, we examine what is known about how canopies are being altered by human use of tropical forests, and consider priorities for research in human interactions with forest canopies. Third, we ask how canopy science can help address the urgent need to understand patterns of human impacts and global environmental changes, specifically in tropical forest ecosystems. It is evident from this volume that canopy researchers are shifting their priorities toward forest canopy conservation by embracing whole-forest approaches with reference to ecosystem services, forest health, climate change, sustainability science, economics, education, and the social sciences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal A, Chhatre A, Hardin R (2008) Changing governance of the world’s forests. Science 320:1460–1462
Agarwal A et al (2012) Cool heads for a hot world–Social sciences under a changing sky. Global Environmental Change 22:329
Ashton PS, Hall P (1992) Comparisons of structure among mixed dipterocarp forests of north–western Borneo. J Ecol 80:459–481
Ashton PS, Seidler RG (in press) Reflections on the forests of tropical asia: lest the memory fade. Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University/Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew/Natural History Publications Sdn. Bhd., Cambridge, MA/London/Borneo
Asner G, Martin RE, Knapp DE et al (2011) Spectroscopy of canopy chemicals in humid tropical forests. Remote Sens Environ 115:3587–3598
Baker PJ, Wilson JS (2000) A quantitative technique for the identification of canopy stratification in tropical and temperate forests. For Ecol Manage 127:77–86
Balooni K, Singh K (2007) Prospects and problems of afforestation of wastelands in India: A synthesis of macro- and micro-perspectives. Geoforum. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.02.007
Barrett CB, Gibson CC, Hoffman G, Mc Cubbins MD (2006) The complex links between governance and biodiversity. Conserv Biol 20:1358–1366
Basset Y et al (2003) Vertical stratification of arthropod assemblages. In: Basset Y, Novotny V, Miller S, Kitching RL (eds) Arthropods of tropical forests: spatio-temporal dynamics and resource use in the canopy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bawa KS (1990) Plant pollinator interactions in tropical rain forests. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 21:399–422
Bawa KS, Balachander G, Raven P (2008) A case for new institutions. Science 319:136
Bawa KS, Dayanandan S (1998) Climate change and tropical forest genetic resources. Clim Change 23:449–466
Bawa KS, Kress WJ, Nadkarni NM, Lele S, Raven PH, Janzen H, Lugo AE, Ashton PS, Lovejoy TE (2004) Tropical ecosystems into the 21st. Science 306:227–228
Bernard E (2001) Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. J Trop Ecol 17:115–126
Cadenasso ML et al (2003) A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. Bioscience 53:750–758
Cavaleri MA et al (2010) Height is more important than light in determining leaf morphology in a tropical forest. Ecology 91:1730–1739
Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science 320:1458–1460
Clark DB et al (2008) First direct landscape scale measurement of tropical rain forest leaf area index, a key driver of global primary productivity. Ecol Lett 11:163–172
Cochrane MA (2003) Fire science for rainforests. Nature 421(6926):913–919
Costa MH, Foley JA (2000) Combined effects of deforestation and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the climate of Amazonia. J Clim 13:18–34
Cuddington K, Beisner BE (2005) Ecological paradigms lost: roots of theory change. Elsevier Academic, Burlington/London
Davidar P et al (2010) Assessing the extent and causes of forest degradation in India: Where do we stand? Biol Cons 143:2937–2944
DeVries PJ et al (1997) Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a fruit–feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rainforest. Biol J Linn Soc 62:343–364
Devy MS, Ganesh T (2003) Canopy science and its relevance to India. Curr Sci 85:581–584
Diez JM et al (2012) Forecasting phenology: from species variability to community patterns. Ecol Lett 15:545–553
Ellison D et al (2011) On the forest cover–water yield debate: from demand– to supply–side thinking. Glob Chang Biol. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x
Ellwood F, Manica A, Foster WA (2009) Stochastic and deterministic processes jointly structure tropical arthropod communities. Ecol Lett 12:277–284
Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP et al (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570–574
Gonzalez P et al (2010) Forest carbon densities and uncertainties from Lidar, QuickBird, and field measurements in California. Rem Sens Envi 114:1561–1575
Grelle CEV (2003) Forest structure and vertical stratification of small mammals in a secondary Atlantic forest, Southeastern Brazil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 38:81–85
Grimbacher PS, Stork NE (2007) Vertical stratification of feeding guilds and body size in beetle assemblages from an Australian tropical rainforest. Austral Ecol 32:77–85
Guardiola-Claramonte M et al (2008) Local hydrologic effects of introducing non–native vegetation in a tropical catchment. Ecohydrology 1:13–22
Hansen MC et al (2008) Humid tropical forest clearing from 2000 to 2005 quantified by using multitemporal and multiresolution remotely sensed data. Proc Nat Acad Sci 105:9439–9444
Harris N et al (2012) Progress toward a consensus on carbon emissions from tropical deforestation. Policy Brief. Winrock International, WHOI & Meridian Institute
Hobbs RJ et al (2006) Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:1–7
Hodgkison R (2004) Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae). J Trop Ecol 20:667–673
Intachat J, Holloway JD (2000) Is there stratification in diversity or preferred flight height of geometroid moths in Malaysian lowland tropical forest? Biodivers Conserv 9:1417–1439
Jain M, Balakrishnan R (2012) Does acoustic adaptation drive vertical stratification? A test in a tropical cricket assemblage. Behav Ecol 23:343–354
Kang SH, Bawa KS (2003) Effects of successional status, habit, sexual systems, and pollinators on flowering patterns in tropical rain forest trees. Am J Bot 90:865–876
Koltunov A et al (2009) Selective logging changes forest phenology in the Brazilian Amazon: evidence from MODIS image time series analysis. Remote Sens Environ 113:2431–2440
Komposch H et al (2000) Diversity and vertical distribution of lichens in a Venezuelan tropical lowland rain forest. Selbyana 21:11–24
Lal R (2005) Forest soils and carbon sequestration. For Ecol Manage 220:242–258
Laurance WF, Kakul T, Keenan RJ, Sayer J, Passingan S, Clements GR, Villegas F, Sodhi NS (2010) Predatory corporations, failing governance, and the fate of forests in Papua New Guinea. Conservation Letters, Published online:16 Dec 2010, dOI:10.1111/j.1755–263X.2010.00156.x
Lele S, Wilshusen P, Brockington R, Seidler R, Bawa KS (2010) Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2:1–7
Lodge DJ, Cantrell S (1995) Fungal communities in wet tropical variation in time and space. Can J Bot 73(supp. 1):S1391–S1398
Longino JT, Nadkarni NM (1990) A comparison of ground and canopy leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a neotropical montane forest. Psyche 97:81–93
Lowman MD (1999) Life in the treetops. Yale University Press, New Haven
Lowman MD (2009) Canopy research in the twenty-first century: a review of arboreal research. J Trop Ecol 50:125–136
Lowman MD, Bouricius B, Coley P, Halle F, Nadkarni NM, Parker G, Saterson K, Wright J (1995) What’s up? Perspectives from the 1st international forest canopy conference at Sarasota FL. Selbyana 26:1–11
Lugo AE (2009) The emerging era of novel tropical forests. Biotropica 41(5):589–591
Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL (2009) Precipitation on land versus distance from the ocean: evidence for a forest pump of atmospheric moisture. Ecol Complex 6:302–307
Malhi Y (2010) The carbon balance of tropical forest regions, 1990–2005. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2:237–244
Martinez-Garza C, Howe HF (2003) Restoring tropical diversity: beating the time tax on species loss. J Appl Ecol 40(3):423–429
Mawdsley NA, Stork NE (1997) Host–specificity and the effective specialization of tropical canopy beetles. In: Stork NE, Adis J, Didham RK (eds) Canopy arthropods. Chapman and Hall, London
Mitchell A, Secoy WK, Jackson T (eds) (2002) Global canopy handbook. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford, UK
Motzer T (2005) Micrometeorological aspects of a tropical mountain forest. Agr Forest Meteorol 135(1):230–240
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:58–62
Nadkarni NM (2001) Enhancement of forest canopy research, education, and conservation in the new millennium. Plant Ecol 153:361–367
Nadkarni NM, Parker GG (1994) A profile of forest canopy science and scientists–who we are, what we want to know, and obstacles we face: results of an international survey. Selbyana 15:38–50
Nadkarni M, Parker GG, Lowman MD (2011) Forest canopy studies as an emerging field of science. Ann Forest Sci 68:217–224
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), India (2010) Wastelands atlas of India. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi
Novotny V et al (2007) Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests. Nature 448
Novotny V et al (2002) Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 416:841–844
Novotny V et al (2006) Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests? Science 313:1115
Ostrom E (2000) People and forests: communities, institutions, and governance. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Ozanne CMP et al (2003) Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: a global view of forest canopies. Science 301:183–186
Parker GG, Brown MJ (2000) Forest canopy stratification—is it useful? Am Nat 155(4)
Pau S et al (2011) Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science. Glob Chang Biol 17:3633–3643
Pearson DL (1971) Vertical stratification of birds in a tropical dry forest. Condor 73:46–55
Phelps J, Webb E, Agarwal A (2010) Does REDD + threaten to recentralize forest governance? Science 328:312–313
Popma J et al (1988) Patterns in the vertical structure of the tropical lowland rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Vegetatio 74:81–91
Porter AL, Rafols I (2009) Is science becoming more interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields over time. Scientometrics 81(3):719–745
Powers TO et al (2009) Tropical nematode diversity: vertical stratification of nematode communities in a Costa Rican humid lowland rainforest. Mol Ecol. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04075.x
Ravindranath NH et al (2012) Deforestation and forest degradation in India – implications for REDD+. Current Sci 102(8):1117–1125
Ray D et al (2005) Micrometeorological and canopy controls of fire susceptibility in a forested Amazon landscape. Ecol App. 15(5):1664–1678
Richards PW (1996) The tropical rain forest: an ecological study, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ricklefs RE (2008) Disintegration of the ecological community. Am Nat 172(6):741–750
Rodgers DJ, Kitching RL (1998) Vertical stratification of rainforest collembolan (Collembola: Insecta) assemblages: description of ecological patterns and hypotheses concerning their generation. Ecography 21:392–400
Sanbord AF et al (2011) Thermal adaptation and diversity in tropical ecosystems: evidence from cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae). PLoS One 6(12):e29368. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029368
Scharlemann J, Laurance WF (2008) How green are biofuels? Science 319:43–44
Schulze CH et al (2001) Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest. Plant Ecol 153:133–152
Smith AP (1973) Stratification of temperature and tropical forests. Am Nat 107(957):671–683
Sobek S et al (2009) Canopy vs. understory: does tree diversity affect bee and wasp communities and their natural enemies across forest strata? For Ecol Manag 258:609–615
Solomon D et al (2007) Long–term impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on dynamics and speciation of organic carbon in tropical forest and subtropical grassland ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 13:1–20
Stenchly K et al (2012) Spider species richness in cocoa agroforestry systems, comparing vertical strata, local management and distance to forest. Agri Ecosys Environ 149:189–194
Stork NE et al (2009) Vulnerability and resilience of tropical forest species to land–use change. Conserv Biol 23(6):1438–1447
Strayer DL et al (2003) A classification of ecological boundaries. Bioscience 53(8):723–729
Sukhdev P (2011) Putting a price on nature: the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. Solutions 1:34–43
Szarzynski J, Anhuf D (2001) Micrometeorological conditions and canopy energy exchanges of a neotropical rain forest (Surumoni–Crane Project, Venezuela). Plant Ecology 153:231–239
Tregidgo DJ et al (2010) Vertical stratification responses of an arboreal dung beetle species to tropical forest fragmentation in Malaysia. Biotropica 425:521–525
UN-FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Vittor AY et al (2006) The effect of deforestation on the human–biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74(1):3–11
Wallace AR (1878) Tropical nature and other essays. Macmillan, New York/London
Walther BA (2002) Vertical stratification and use of vegetation and light habitats by neotropical forest birds. J Ornithol 143:64–81
Whitmore TC (1984) A vegetation map of Malesia at scale 1:5 million. J Biogeog 11(6):461–471
Wood TE, Cavaleri MA, Reed C (2012) Tropical forest carbon balance in a warmer world: a critical review spanning microbial– to ecosystem–scale processes. Biol Rev 87(4):912–927
Wright SJ (2010) The future of tropical forests. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1195:1–27
Acknowledgments
The Bangalore workshop and the work on this manuscript were supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB 0542130 and DEB 0956301).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seidler, R., Bawa, K.S., Lowman, M., Nadkarni, N.M. (2013). Forest Canopies as Earth’s Support Systems: Priorities for Research and Conservation. In: Lowman, M., Devy, S., Ganesh, T. (eds) Treetops at Risk. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7160-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7161-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)