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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Prostate Cancer

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Prostate Cancer

Part of the book series: Protein Reviews ((PRON,volume 16))

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Abstract

TGF-βs are 25 kDa dimeric proteins that function through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms to regulate a diverse array of cellular and physiological processes in numerous tissues. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Central to normal prostate epithelial and stromal cell growth control mechanisms, TGF-β functions as a tumor suppressor and an important regulator of androgenic responses. Particularly striking, androgen withdrawal activates multiple components of the TGF-β signaling pathway in the normal prostate, which then partake in the ensuing apoptotic cell death response. Multiple discreet alterations in TGF-β signaling responses occur during the process of carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which contribute to the development of both metastatic disease and ultimately to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Despite its seemingly straightforward role as a tumor suppressor in the normal prostate, there is accumulating evidence supporting that the function of TGF-β “switches” to a tumor promoter during carcinogenesis/tumor progression. This represents what has now been coined the “TGF-β paradox,” the molecular and physiological basis for which remains incompletely defined. The TGF-β paradox also imposes inevitable complexities in therapeutic strategies involving TGF-β. However, recent advances provide significant promise for TGF-β as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target of prostate cancer (PCa).

This chapter provides a current overview of key components of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Starting with some historical perspective, the chapter highlights fundamentals of the TGF-β ligand structure, regulation of expression, storage, and activation. Next illustrated are the nuts and bolts of TGF-β receptor and Smad ­structure and function. A thorough perspective and mechanistic insight is provided on the current understanding in the field of TGF-β in normal and malignant prostate and state-of-the-art progress on TGF-β-based preclinical and clinical therapeutic opportunities.

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Acknowledgments

The author is in debt for Dr. Donald Tindall’s excellent editorial help. This work was supported in part by NIH grants R01 CA134878 and P30 CA43703.

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  1. Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building, Room 3-532, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    David Danielpour B.S., M.A., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA

    David Danielpour B.S., M.A., Ph.D.

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  1. David Danielpour B.S., M.A., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to David Danielpour B.S., M.A., Ph.D. .

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  1. , Depts of Urology, and, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW., Rochester, 55905, Minnesota, USA

    Donald J. Tindall

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Danielpour, D. (2013). Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Prostate Cancer. In: Tindall, D. (eds) Prostate Cancer. Protein Reviews, vol 16. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_7

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