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Cardiovascular Disease in Women

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Essential Cardiology

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. Clear gender differences exist in the incidence, prevalence, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Over the past 15 years, robust efforts focused on the evidence-based prevention and treatment of CVD in women have resulted in a steeper decrease in cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates in women compared to men beginning in 2000. The prominent decline in female CV mortality rates is a new phenomenon, as decreases in male CV mortality rates outpaced those in women during the 1980s and 1990s. Historically, women have been underrepresented in clinical trials investigating cardiovascular diseases. Over the past decade, the representation of women in clinical trials has improved, and nuanced treatment approaches and prevention strategies have resulted from the dedicated study of gender differences. The traditional CV research focus has been on obstructive coronary disease and the development and complications of ischemic heart disease in men. Research has shown multiple layers of complexity in the etiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in women differing from those predominating in men. Investigation has also shown a relationship between the hormonal fluctuations women experience throughout life and the development of ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias. Therefore, cardiovascular disease processes in women should not be equated to those traditionally encountered in the male population, and these differences should alter the physicians’ approach to the female patient.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Benjamin D. Mackie MD

  2. Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA

    Nanette Kass Wenger MD, MACC, MAC, FAHA

Authors
  1. Benjamin D. Mackie MD
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  2. Nanette Kass Wenger MD, MACC, MAC, FAHA
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Correspondence to Nanette Kass Wenger MD, MACC, MAC, FAHA .

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  1. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, West Kingsbridge Rd 130, Bronx, 10468, New York, USA

    Clive Rosendorff

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Mackie, B.D., Wenger, N.K. (2013). Cardiovascular Disease in Women. In: Rosendorff, C. (eds) Essential Cardiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6705-2_37

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6705-2_37

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