Abstract
Oral diseases are among the most prevalent in the world. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the descriptive epidemiology in relation to the burden and trends of dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. The analytical epidemiology that has identified the determinants and risk factors of these diseases is reviewed, and the application of epidemiology in relation to the practice of dental public health is discussed.
References
Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G, Cutress T, Martin J, Sardo-Infirri J (1982) Development of the World Health Organisation (WHO) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Int Dent J 32:281–291
American Academy of Periodontology (1996) Consensus report: periodontal diseases: epidemiology and diagnosis. Ann Periodontol 1:1
Anderson RJ, Bradnock G, James PM (1981) The changes in the dental health of 12-year-old school children in Shropshire. A review after an interval of 10 years. Br Dent J 150:278–281
Apatzidou DA (2022) The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment and outcomes of dental implant therapy. Periodontol 2000(90):45–61
Arendorf TM, Bredekamp B, Cloete CA, Sauer G (1998) Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 600 South African patients. J Oral Pathol Med 27:176–179
Avila WM, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM, Martins CC (2015) Breast and bottle feeding as risk factors for dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10:e0142922
Axelsson P, Nystrom B, Lindhe J (2004) The long-term effect of a plaque control program on tooth mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 30 years of maintenance. J Clin Periodontol 31:749–757
Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL (2006) Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. J Periodontol 77:1465–1482
Baghlaf K, Muirhead V, Moynihan P, Weston-Price S, Pine C (2018) Free sugars consumption around bedtime and dental caries in children: a systematic review. JDR Clin Trans Res 3:118–129
Ball J, Darby I (2022) Mental health and periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Periodontol 2000:1–19
Benson PE, Shah AA, Millett DT, Dyer F, Parkin N, Vine RS (2005) Fluorides, orthodontics and demineralization: a systematic review. J Orthod 32:102–114
Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM (eds) (2014) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Berkowitz RJ (2003) Acquisition and transmission of mutans streptococci. J Calif Dent Assoc 31:135–138
Bernabé E, Marcenes W (2010) Periodontal disease and quality of life in British adults. J Clin Periodontol 7:968–972
Blair YI, McMahon AD, Macpherson LM (2013) Comparison and relative utility of inequality measurements: as applied to Scotland’s child dental health. PLoS One 8:e58593
Brown LJ, Selwitz RH (1995) The impact of recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries on guidelines for the use of dental sealants. J Public Health Dent 55:274–291
Burns R (1786) Address to the toothache. Robert Burns Archive. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/robertburns/works/address_to_the_toothache/. Accessed Mar 2023
Burt BA, Eklund SA (eds) (2005) Dentistry, dental practice and the community. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis Missouri, pp 203–209
Celis A, Conway DI, Macpherson LMD, McMahon AD (2022) Data resource profile: National child oral health improvement programmes for Chile. Int J Epidemiol 20:dyac191
Chaffee BW, Weston SJ (2010) The association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Periodontol 81:1708–1724
Chalmers JM, Carter KD, Spencer AJ (2005) Caries incidence and increments in Adelaide nursing home residents. Spec Care Dentist 25:96–105
Chapple, ILC, Mealey, BL, et al. (2018) Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol 89(Suppl 1):S74–S84. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0719
Chestnutt I, Binnie V, Taylor M (2000) Reasons for tooth extraction in Scotland. J Dent 28:295–297
Conte M, Broder HL, Jenkins G, Reed R, Janal MN (2006) Oral health, related behaviors and oral health impacts among homeless adults. J Public Health Dent 66:276–278
Conway DI, Quarrell I, McCall DR, Gilmour H, Bedi R, Macpherson LM (2007) Dental caries in 5-year-old children attending multi-ethnic schools in Greater Glasgow – the impact of ethnic background and levels of deprivation. Community Dent Health 24:161–165
Costa SM, Martins CC, Bonfim Mde L, Zina LG, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA, Abreu MH (2012) A systematic review of socioeconomic indicators and dental caries in adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:3540–3574
Daly D, Newton T, Batchelor P, Jones K (2010) Oral health care needs and oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14) in homeless people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 38:136–144
de Oliveira Ferreira R, de Brito SR, Magno MB, Carvalho Almeida APCPS, Fagundes NCF, Maia LC, Lima RR (2019) Does periodontitis represent a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 11:1759720X19858514
Demmer RT, Papapanou PN (2010) Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000(53):28–44
Demmer RT, Desvarieux M, Holtfreter B, Jacobs DR Jr, Wallaschofski H, Nauck M, Völzke H, Kocher T (2010) Periodontal status and A1C change: longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP). Diabetes Care 33:1037–1043
Dowell P, Chapple IL (2002) The British Society of Periodontology referral policy and parameters of care. Dent Update 29:352–353
Dye BA, Arevalo O, Vargas CM (2010) Trends in paediatric dental caries by poverty status in the United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Int J Paed Dent 20:132–143
Eke PI, Page RC, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco RJ (2012a) Update of the case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol 83:1449–1454
Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ, CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance workgroup: James Beck (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA), Gordon Douglass (Past President, American Academy of Periodontology), Roy Page (University of Washington) (2012b) Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res 91:914–920
El Tantawi M, Folayan MO, Mehaina M, Vukovic A, Castillo JL, Gaffar BO, Arheiam A, Al-Batayneh OB, Kemoli AM, Schroth RJ, Lee GHM (2018) Prevalence and data availability of early childhood caries in 193 United Nations countries, 2007–2017. Am J Public Health 108:1066–1072
Emilson CG, Krasse B (1985) Support for and implications for the specific plaque hypothesis. Scan J Dent Res 93:96–104
Ercoli C, Caton JG (2018) Dental prostheses and tooth-related factors. J Periodontol 89:S223–S236
Fabbr AI, Lai A, Grundy Q, Bero LA (2018) The influence of industry sponsorship on the research agenda: a scoping review. Am J Public Health 108:e9–e16
Faulks D, Freedman L, Thompson S, Sagheri D, Dougall A (2012) The value of education in special care dentistry as a means of reducing inequalities in oral health. Eur J Dent Educ 16:195–201
Fejerskov O (1997) Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:5–12
Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds) (2003) Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. Blackwell Monksgaard, Copenhagen
Fisher FJ (1968) A field survey of dental caries, periodontal disease and enamel defects in Tristan da Cunha. Br Dent J 125:447–453
Frencken JE, Sharma P, Stenhouse L, Green D, Laverty D, Dietrich T (2017) Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis – a comprehensive review. J Clin Periodontol 44:S94–S105
Fukuda H, Kuroda K, Ohsaka T, Takatorige T, Nakura I, Saito T (2009) Oral health status among low-income people admitted to Osaka Socio-Medical Center in Japan. Int Dent J 59:96–102
GBD 2017 Oral Disorders Collaborators, Bernabe E, Marcenes W, Hernandez CR, Bailey J, Abreu LG, Alipour V, Amini S, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Arora A, Ayanore MA, Bärnighausen TW, Bijani A, Cho DY, Chu DT, Crowe CS, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Du M, El Tantawi M, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Futran ND, Geramo YCD, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hariyani N, Hasanzadeh A, Hassanipour S, Hay SI, Hole MK, Hostiuc S, Ilic MD, James SL, Kalhor R, Kemmer L, Keramati M, Khader YS, Kisa S, Kisa A, Koyanagi A, Lalloo R, Le Nguyen Q, London SD, Manohar ND, Massenburg BB, Mathur MR, Meles HG, Mestrovic T, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mokdad AH, Morrison SD, Nazari J, Nguyen TH, Nguyen CT, Nixon MR, Olagunju TO, Pakshir K, Pathak M, Rabiee N, Rafiei A, Ramezanzadeh K, Rios-Blancas MJ, Roro EM, Sabour S, Samy AM, Sawhney M, Schwendicke F, Shaahmadi F, Shaikh MA, Stein C, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Unnikrishnan B, Vu GT, Vukovic A, Warouw TSS, Zaidi Z, Zhang ZJ, Kassebaum NJ (2017) Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease 2017 study. J Dent Res 99:362–373
Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SSD, Trindade SC, Passos-Soares JS, Carvalho-Filho PC, Figueiredo ACMG, Lyrio AO, Hintz AM, Pereira MG, Scannapieco F (2020) Periodontitis and respiratory diseases: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis 26:439–446
Greenstein G (1984) The role of bleeding on the diagnosis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 55:648–648
Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson LV, Smithers G, Wenlock R, Farron M (2000) National Diet and nutrition survey: young people aged 4–18 years, Report of the diet and nutrition survey, vol 1. The Stationery Office, London
Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Lanke LS, Lundquist C, Grahnen H, Bonow BE, Krasse B (1954) The Vipeholm dental caries study; the effect of different levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years. Acta Odont Scand 11:232–364
Haffajee AD, Bogren A, Hasturk H, Feres M, Lopez NJ, Socransky SS (2004) Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locations. J Clin Periodontol 31:996–1002
Heilmann A, Tsakos G, Watt RG (2015) Chapter 3: Oral health over the life course. In: Burton-Jeangros C, Cullati S, Sacker A, Blane D (eds) A life course perspective on health trajectories and transitions [Internet]. Springer, Cham, CH
Henry JA, Muthu MS, Saikia A, Asaithambi B, Swaminathan K (2017) Prevalence and pattern of early childhood caries in a rural South Indian population evaluated by ICDAS with suggestions for enhancement of ICDAS software tool. Int J Paediatr Dent 27:191–200
Hobdell MH, Oliveira ER, Bautista R, Myburgh NG, Lalloo R, Narendran S, Johnson NW (2003) Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES). Br Dent J 194:91–96
Holtfreter B, Albandar JM, Dietrich T, Dye BA, Eaton KA, Eke PI et al (2015) Standards for reporting chronic periodontitis prevalence and severity in epidemiologic studies: proposed standards from the Joint EU/USA Periodontal Epidemiology Working Group. J Clin Periodontol 42:407–412
Hu X, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Liu Z (2021) Periodontal disease and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychogeriatrics 21:813–825
Hujoel PP, Lingström P (2017) Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: a narrative review. J Clin Periodontol 44:S79–S84
Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Worthington HV, Walsh T, O’Malley L, Clarkson JE, Macey R, Alam R, Tugwell P, Welch V, Glenny A (2015) Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD010856
Information Services Division (2019) Scottish adult oral health survey 2016–18. National Services Scotland, Edinburgh
Institute of Health Metrics (2022) Global burden of disease 2019. University of Washington, Washington
Iranzo-Cortés JE, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM (2013) Caries diagnosis: agreement between WHO and ICDAS II criteria in epidemiological surveys. Community Dent Health 30:108–111
Ismail A (2004) Diagnostic levels in dental public health planning. Caries Res 38:199–203
James B, Robbins WJ, Schwartz RS (2001) Fundamentals of operative dentistry: a contemporary approach, 2nd edn. Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc., Carol Stream
Jones CM, McCann M, Nugent ZJ (2004) Scottish Prisons’ dental health survey 2002. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh
Kandelman D, Petersen PE, Ueda H (2008) Oral health, general health, and quality of life in older people. Spec Care Dentist 28:224–236
Karki AJ, Monaghan N, Morgan M (2015) Oral health status of older people living in care homes in Wales. Br Dent J 219:331–334
Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W (2014) Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990–2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res 93:1045–1053
Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJL, Marcenes W (2015) Global burden of untreated caries. J Dent Res 94:650–658
Kassebaum NJ, Smith AGC, Bernabé E, Fleming TD, Reynolds AE, Vos T, Murray CJL, Marcenes W, GBD 2015 Oral Health Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and National Prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. J Dent Res 96:380–387
Kelly M, Steele J, Nuttal N, Bradnock G, Morris J, Nunn J, Pine C, Pitts N, Treasure E, White D (2000) Adult dental health survey: oral health in the United Kingdom in 1998. The Stationery Office, London
Khajavi A, Radvar M, Moeintaghavi A (2022) Socioeconomic determinants of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000:1–32
Kidd EAM (1987) Essentials of dental caries: the disease and its management. Wright, London
Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004) What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res 83:C35–C38
Kidd JB, McMahon AD, Sherriff A, Gnich W, Mahmoud A, Macpherson LM, Conway DI (2020) Evaluation of a national complex oral health improvement programme: a population data linkage cohort study in Scotland. BMJ Open 10:e038116
Klein H, Palmer CE (1937) Dental caries in American Indian children, Public health bulletin 239. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Klock K, Haugejordan O (1991) Primary reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Norway: changes from 1968 to 1998. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 9:336–341
Kornman KS (2008) Mapping the pathogenesis of periodontitis: a new look. J Periodontol 79(s8):1560–1568
Lang NP, Cumming BR, Löe H (1973) Toothbrushing frequency as it relates to plaque development and gingival health. J Periodontol 44:396–405
Leroy R, Eaton KA, Savage A (2010) Methodological issues in epidemiological studies of periodontitis – how can it be improved? BMC Oral Health 10:8
Lertpimonchai A, Rattanasiri S, Arj-Ong Vallibhakara S, Attia J, Thakkinstian A (2017) The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J 67:332–343
Lobene RR, Mankodi SM, Ciancio SG, Lamm RA, Charles CH, Ross NM (1989) Correlation among gingival indices: a methodology study. J Periodontol 60:159–162
Locker D (2004) Oral health and quality of life. Oral Health Prev Dent 2(Suppl 1):247–253
Löe H, Brown LJ (1991) Early onset periodontitis in the United States of America. J Periodontol 62:608–616
Löe H, Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontl Scand 21:533–551
Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB (1965) Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177–187
Macpherson LM, Ball GE, Brewster L, Duane B, Hodges CL, Wright W, Gnich W, Rodgers J, McCall DR, Turner S, Conway DI (2010) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 1: Establishment and development. Br Dent J 209:73–78
Macpherson LM, Anopa Y, Conway DI, McMahon AD (2013) National supervised toothbrushing program and dental decay in Scotland. J Dent Res 92:109–113
Mahboobi Z, Pakdaman A, Yazdani R, Azadbakht L, Montazeri A (2021) Dietary free sugar and dental caries in children: a systematic review on longitudinal studies. Health Promot Perspect 11:271–280
Manohar N, Hayen A, Fahey P, Arora A (2020) Obesity and dental caries in early childhood: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 21:e12960
Marthaler TM (2004) Changes in dental caries 1953–2003. Caries Res 38:173–181
Martinez-Herrera M, Silvestre-Rangil J, Silvestre FJ (2017) Association between obesity and periodontal disease. A systematic review of epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 22:e708–e715
McDonald SP, Sheiham A (1992) The distribution of caries on different tooth surfaces at varying levels of caries – a compilation of data from 18 previous studies. Community Dent Health 9:39–48
McMahon AD, Blair Y, McCall DR, Macpherson LM (2010) The dental health of three-year-old children in Greater Glasgow, Scotland. Br Dent J 209:E5
McMahon AD, Elliott L, Macpherson LM, Sharpe KH, Connelly G, Milligan I, Wilson P, Clark D, King A, Wood R, Conway DI (2018) Inequalities in the dental health needs and access to dental services among looked after children in Scotland: a population data linkage study. Arch Dis Child 103:39–43
Mendes FM, Braga MM, Oliveira LB, Antunes JLF, Ardenghi TMH, Bönecker M (2010) Discriminant validity of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and comparability with World Health Organization criteria in a cross-sectional study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 38:398–407
Michalowicz BS, Diehl SR, Gunsolley JC, Sparks BS, Brooks CN, Koertge TE, Califano JV, Burmeister JA, Schenkein HA (2000) Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 71:1699–1707
Moussa DG, Ahmad P, Mansour TA, Siqueira WL (2022) Current state and challenges of the global outcomes of dental caries research in the meta-omics era. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:887907
National Dental Epidemiology Programme for England (2020) Oral health survy of adults attending general dental practices in 2018. Public Health England, London. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/891208/AiP_survey_for_England_2018.pdf. Accessed Sept 2022
National Dental Inspection Programme (2019) Report of the 2019 detailed inspection programme of primary 7 children in Scotland. NHS National Services Scotland. https://www.scottishdental.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-10-22-NDIP-Report.pdf. Accessed Sept 2022
Nibali L, Di Iorio A, Tu Y-K, Vieira AR (2017) Host genetics role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and caries. J Clin Periodontol 44:S52–S78
Nicolau B, Thomson WM, Steele JG, Allison PJ (2007) Life-course epidemiology: concepts and theoretical models and its relevance to chronic oral conditions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35:241–249
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (2021) Delivering better oral health. NHS England. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention#full-publication-update-history. Accessed Sept 2022
Oliver RC, Brown LJ (1993) Periodontal diseases and tooth loss. Periodontol 2000(2):117–127
Osborn J, Stoltenberg J, Huso B, Aeppli D, Pihlstrom B (1990) Comparison of measurement variability using a standard and constant force periodontal probe. J Periodontol 61:497–503
Pamuk F, Kantarci A (2022) Inflammation as a link between periodontal disease and obesity. Periodontol 2000(90):186–196
Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH et al (2018) Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol 89(Suppl 1):S173–SS82
Parisotto TM, Steiner-Oliveira C, Silva CM, Rodrigues LK, Nobre-dos-Santos M (2010) Early childhood caries and mutans streptococci: a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent 8:59–70
Parker EJ, Jamieson LM, Broughton J, Albino J, Lawrence HP, Roberts-Thomson K (2010) The oral health of indigenous children: a review of four nations. J Paediatr Child Health 46:483–486
Patel RN, Eaton KA, Pitts NB, Schulte A, Pieper K, White S (2016) Variation in methods used to determine national mean DMFT scores for 12-year-old children in European countries. Community Dent Health 33:286–291
Penoni DC, Fidalgo TK, Torres SR et al (2017) Bone density and clinical periodontal attachment in postmenopausal women. J Dent Res 96:261–269
Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, Listl S, Celeste RK, Guarnizo-Herreño CC, Kearns C, Benzian H, Allison P, Watt RG (2019) Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet 394:249–260
Petersen PE (2003a) The World Oral Health Report 2003. Oral Health Programme, WHO, Geneva
Petersen PE (2003b) The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 31(s1):3–24
Petersen PE, Yamamoto T (2005) Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 33:81–92
Phelan JA, Mulligan R, Nelson E, Brunelle J, Alves MEAF, Navazesh M, Greenspan D (2004) Dental caries in HIV-seropositive women. J Dent Res 83:869–873
Philstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW (2005) Periodontal diseases. Lancet 366:1809–1820
Pitts NB (1997) Diagnostic tools and measurements – impact on appropriate care. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:24–35
Pitts NB (2001) Clinical diagnosis of dental caries: a European perspective. J Dent Educ 65:972–978
Pitts NB (2004) ICDAS – an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Health 21:193–198
Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Tagami J, Twetman S, Tsakos G, Ismail A (2017) Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:17030
Polson AM, Caton JG (1985) Current status of bleeding in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 56(s):1–3
Pólvora TLS, Nobre ÁVV, Tirapelli C, Taba M Jr, Macedo LD, Santana RC, Pozzetto B, Lourenço AG, Motta ACF (2018) Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 14:315–327
Popkin BM (2015) Nutrition transition and the global diabetes epidemic. Curr Diab Rep 15:64
Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW (2012) Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev 70:3–21
Priwe C, Carlsson P (2018) Oral health status of male Swedish citizens at admission to prison. J Correct Health Care 24:382–394
Pulikkotil SJ, Nath S, Muthukumaraswamy, Dharamarajan L, Jing KT, Vaithilingam RD (2020) Alcohol consumption is associated with periodontitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Community Dent Health 37:12–21
Rugg-Gunn AJ, Edgar WM (1984) Sugar and dental caries; a review of the evidence. Community Dent Health 1:85–92
Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M et al (2018) Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 45:138–149
Sanz M, Marco Del Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D’Aiuto F, Bouchard P, Chapple I, Dietrich T, Gotsman I, Graziani F, Herrera D, Loos B, Madianos P, Michel JB, Perel P, Pieske B, Shapira L, Shechter M, Tonetti M, Vlachopoulos C, Wimmer G (2020) Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: consensus report. J Clin Periodontol 47:268–288
Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:54–69
Scheutz F, Matee MI, Andsager L, Holm AM, Moshi J, Kagoma C, Mpemba N (1997) Is there an association between periodontal condition and HIV infection? J Clin Periodontol 24:580–587
Schou L, Wight C (1994) Mothers’ educational level, dental health behaviours and response to a dental health campaign in relation to their 5 year old children’s caries experience. Health Bull 52:232–239
Schroth RJ, Harrison RL, Moffatt ME (2009) Oral health of indigenous children and the influence of early childhood caries on childhood health and well-being. Pediatr Clin N Am 56:1481–1499
Schuch HS, Peres KG, Singh A, Peres MA, Do LG (2017) Socioeconomic position during life and periodontitis in adulthood: a systematic review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 45:201–208
Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S (2015) Socioeconomic inequality and caries. J Dent Res 94:10–18
Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme (2018) Prevention and management of dental caries in children, 2nd edn. NHS Education for Scotland, Dundee. https://www.sdcep.org.uk/published-guidance/caries-in-children/. Accessed Sept 2022
Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish health survey 2008. Scottish Government, Edinburgh
Scottish Government (2016) Scottish index of multiple deprivation 2016. Scottish Government, Edinburgh
Selwitz RH, Ismail AL, Pitts NB (2007) Dental caries. Lancet 369:51–59
Sheiham A (2002) Minimal intervention in dental care. Med Princ Pract 11:2–6
Sheiham A, James WP (2015) Diet and dental caries: the pivotal role of free sugars reemphasized. J Dent Res 94:1341–1347
Sheiham A, Nicolau B (2005) Evaluation of social and psychological factors in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000(39):118–131
Sheiham A, Watt RG (2000) The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 28:399–406
Shiau HJ, Reynolds MA (2010) Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Periodontol 81:1379–1389
Steele J, O’Sullivan I (2011) Executive summary: adult dental health survey 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, Leeds. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-dental-health-survey/adult-dental-health-survey-2009-summary-report-and-thematic-series. Accessed Mar 2023
Stock C, Jürges H, Shen J, Bozorgmehr K, Listl S (2016) A comparison of tooth retention and replacement across 15 countries in the over-50s. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 44:223–231
Sullivan HR, Harris R (1958) The biology of the children of Hopewood House, Bowral, NSW. II. Observations extending over five years (1952–1956). 2. Observations and oral conditions. Austr Dent J 3:311–317
Susin C, Kingman A, Albandar JM (2005) Effect of partial recording protocols on estimates of prevalence of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 76:262–267
Susin C, Haas AN, Albandar JM (2014) Epidemiology and demographics of aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000(65):27–45
Taylor L (1975) Poverty, wealth, and health, or getting the dosage right. BMJ 4:207–211
Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ (2004) Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. The third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Clin Periodontol 31:484–488
TNS Opinion & Social (2010) Eurobarometer 72.3. Oral Health Report undertaken at the request of the Directorate General Health and Consumers, European Commission. TNS Opinion & Social, Brussels. https://www.erodental.org/assets/documents/eurobarometer-oral-healt-02-2010.pdf. Accessed Mar 2023.
Tonetti MS, Claffey N, On behalf of the European Workshop in Periodontology Group C (2005) Advances in the progression of periodontitis and proposal of definitions of aperiodontitis case and disease progression for use in risk factor research. J Clin Periodontol 32(Suppl. 6):210–213
Toverud G (1957) The influence of war and post-war conditions on the teeth of Norwegian school children. III. Discussions of food supply and dental condition in Norway and other European countries. Milbank Mem Fund Q 35:373–459
Treadwell HM, Formicola AJ (2005) Improving the oral health of prisoners to improve overall health and well-being. Am J Pub Heal 95:1677–1678
Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, Tatakis DN (2018) Plaque-induced gingivitis: case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol 89:S46–S73
van der Putten GJ, Vanobbergen J, De Visschere L, Schols J, de Baat C (2009) Association of some specific nutrient deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people: A systematic literature review. Nutrition 25:717–722
Verrips GH, Kalsbeek H, Eijkman MAJ (2006) Ethnicity and maternal education as risk indicators for dental caries, and the role of dental behavior. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 21:209–214
Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VCC, Jeroncic A (2019) Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD007868
Watt RG (2007) From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35:1–11
Watt RG, Marinho VC (2005) Does oral health promotion improve oral hygiene and gingival health? Periodontol 2000(37):35–47
Watt RG, Daly B, Allison P, Macpherson LMD, Venturelli R, Listl S, Weyant RJ, Mathur MR, Guarnizo-Herreño CC, Celeste RK, Peres MA, Kearns C, Benzian H (2019) Ending the neglect of global oral health: time for radical action. Lancet 394:261–272
Whelton H, O’Mullane DM (2007) Public health aspects of oral diseases and disorders. Dental caries. In: Pine C, Harris R (eds) Community oral health. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, London, pp 165–176
WHO (2010) Global oral health database and the WHO oral health country/area profile programme. WHO, Malmo
WHO (2013) Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organisation, Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548649. Accessed Mar 2023
WHO (2021) Mobile technologies for oral health: an implementation guide. World Health Organization and International Telecommunication Union, Geneva
WHO (2022) Global strategy on oral health. WHO, Geneva. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/landmark-global-strategy-on-oral-health-adopted-at-world-health-assembly-75. Accessed Mar 2023
Wyatt CCL, MacEntee MI (2008) Dental caries in chronically disabled elders. Special Care Dent 17:196–202
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Conway, D.I., Robertson, D., McMahon, A.D. (2023). Epidemiology of Dental Diseases. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_51-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_51-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6625-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6625-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine