Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Interferons and Interleukins

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

  • 138k Accesses

Abstract

In 1957 a substance was described (Isaacs and Lindenmann 1957) which was produced by virus-infected cell cultures and “interfered” with infection by other viruses; it was called interferon. Over the following decades it was realized that “interferon” comprises a family of related proteins with several additional properties. Starting in the 1960s various “factors” produced primarily by white blood cell (WBC) as well as other cell supernatants were described which acted in various ways on other WBCs or somatic cells. They were usually given a descriptive name either associated with their cell of origin or their activity on other cells resulting in a myriad of names. The application of molecular technology allowed us to determine that some cytokines had multiple activities and that different cytokines had similar overlapping activities. A systematic classification based on genetic structure and protein characterization has been effective. The interactive networks and cascades of cytokines, interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), growth factors (GF), chemokines (CK), their receptors (r or R), and signaling pathways are highly complex and will be further explored in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie M-H et al (2003) Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterised by the production of IL-17. J Biol Chem 278:1910–1914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Algranati NE, Sy S, Modi M (1999) A branched methoxy 40-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety optimizes the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN) and may explain its enhanced efficacy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 40 (Suppl): 190A

    Google Scholar 

  • Artillo S, Pastore G, Alberti A et al (1998) Double-blind, randomized controlled trial of interleukin-2 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 54:167–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asadullah K, Sabat R, Friederich M et al (2004) Interleukin-10: an important immunoregulatory cytokine with major impact on psoriasis. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 3:185–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma YT, Matsuo Y, Kuwamura M, Yancopoulos GD, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Nakajima H, Karow M, Takeuchi T (2010) Interleukin-19 protects mice from innate-mediated colonic inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16(6):1017–1028

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DP, Lin EY, Lin K et al (2006) N-terminally PEGylated human interferon-beta-1a with improved pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy in a melanoma angiogenesis model. Bioconjug Chem 17:179–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry J, Kirby B (2004) Novel biologic therapies for psoriasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 4:975–987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baud’huin M, Renault R, Charrier C et al (2010) Interleukin-34 is expressed by giant cell tumours of bone and plays a key role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Pathol 221:77–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Lametschwandtner G, Tangemann K et al (2006) IL-12 instructs skin homing of human Th2 cells. J Immunol 177:3763–3770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborough J, Leung DYM, Maurer M et al (2006) IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:418–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao SG, Zhao QY, Ding ZT et al (1990) Chemical modification of enzyme molecules to improve their characteristics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 613:460–467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carreño V, Tapia L, Ryff JC et al (1992) Treatment of chronic hepatitis C by continuous subcutaneous infusion of interferon-alpha. J Med Virol 37:215–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreño V, Zeuzem S, Hopf U et al (2000) A phase I/II study of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 32:317–324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, Cross R, Sehy D, Costelloe C, Watson M, Murphy A, McQuillan K, Loscher C, Armstrong ME, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, O’Neill LA, Mills KH, Lynch MA (2008) IL-1F5 mediates anti-inflammatory activity in the brain through induction of IL-4 following interaction with SIGIRR/TIR8. J Neurochem 105(5):1960–1969

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank WW, Little F (2008) Interleukin-16: the ins and outs of regulating T-cell activation. Crit Rev Immunol 28(6):467–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dent P, Yacoub A, Hamed HA et al (2010) The development of MDA-7/IL-24 as a cancer therapeutic. Pharmacol Ther 128(2):375–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello CA (2011) Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory disease. Blood 117(14):3720–3732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty DH, Rosendahl MS, Smith DJ et al (2005) Site-specific PEGylation of engineered cysteine analogs of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Bioconjug Chem 16:1291–1298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly RP, Kotenko SV (2010) Interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family. J Interferon Cytokine Res 30(8):555–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly RP, Sheikh F, Dickensheets H, Savan R, Young HA, Walter MR (2010) Interleukin-26: an IL-10-related cytokine produced by th17 cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 21(5):393–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du X, Williams DA (1997) Interleukin-11: review of molecular, cell biology, and clinical use. Blood 89:3897–3908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Bassam S, Pinsonneault S, Kornfeld H et al (2005) Interleukin-16 inhibits interleukin-13 production by allergen-stimulated blood mononuclear cells. Immunology 117:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • ExPASy (2012) http://au.expasy.org/uniprot/Q9UBH0 - (Expert Protein Analysis System) proteomics server of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)

  • Ferland R, Mulani D, Campbell PK (2001) Evaluation of a sprayable polyethylene glycol adhesion barrier in a porcine efficacy model. Human Reproduction 16(12):2718–2723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fève B, Bastard JP (2009) The role of interleukins in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5(6):305–311

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fort MM, Cheung J, Yen D et al (2001) IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity 15:985–995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry TJ, Mackall CL (2002) Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic. Blood 99:3892–3904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour J, Lavender P (2008) Control of IL-4 expression in T-helper 1 and 2 cells. Immunology 124:437–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glue P, Fang JWS, Rouzier-Panis R et al (2000) Pegylated interferon-α2b: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and preliminary efficacy data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:556–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeder S, Umland SP, Cuss FM et al (2001) Th2 cytokines and asthma: the role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease. Respir Res 2:71–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Kayisli UA, Taylor HS (2009) The role of growth factors and cytokines during implantation: endocrine and paracrine interactions. Semin Reprod Med 27(1):62–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henney JM (2000) Surgical sealant for lung cancer. JAMA 284:685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HGNC (2012) - www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/ - Gene Families and Grouping – Interferons (IFN) – Interleukins and interleukin receptor genes (IL)

  • Holtsberg FW, Ensor CM, Steiner MR et al (2002) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated arginine deiminase: effects of PEG formulations on its pharmacological properties. J Control Release 80:259–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Shen F, Crellin NK, Ouyang W (2011) The IL-17 pathway as a major therapeutic target in autoimmune disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010(1217):60–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Huising MO, Cruiswijck CP, Flik G (2006) Phylogeny and evolution of class-I helical cytokines. J Endocrinol 189:1–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hukshorn CJ, Saris WHM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS et al (2000) Weekly subcutaneous pegylated recombinant native human leptin (PEG-OB) administration in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4003–4009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • In’t VP (2011) Insulitis in human type 1 diabetes. Islets 3(4):131–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs A, Lindenmann J (1957) Virus interference I: the interferon. Proc R Soc Ser B 147:258–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T (2003) IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 149:1–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushansky K (2005) The molecular mechanisms that control thrombopoiesis. J Clin Invest 115:3339–3345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S-H, Han S-Y, Azam T et al (2005) Interleukin 32: a cytokine and inducer of TNFα. Immunity 22:131–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV et al (2001a) Identification of the functional IL-TIF (IL-22) receptor complex: the IL-10R2 chain (IL-10Rβ) is a common chain of both IL-10 and IL-TIF (IL-22) receptor complexes. J Biol Chem 276:2725–2732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV et al (2001b) Identification, cloning and characterization of a novel soluble receptor which binds IL-22, and neutralizes its activity. J Immunol 166:7096–7103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen OF, Mandrup-Poulsen T (2005) Interleukin-6 and diabetes: the good, the bad or the indifferent. Diabetes 54(Suppl 2):S114–S124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurschner C, Yuzaki M (1999) Neuronal interleukin-16 (NIL-16): a dual function PDZ domain protein. J Neurosci 19:7770–7780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444–1452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuter DJ, Begley CG (2002) Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood 100:3457–3469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaFleur DW, Nardelli B, Tsareva T et al (2001) Interferon-κ, a novel type I interferon expressed in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 276:39765–39771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larousserie F, Charlot P, Bardel E et al (2006) Differential effects of IL-27 on human B cell subsets. J Immunol 176(10):5890–5897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Kaneko H, Sekigawa I et al (1998) Circulating interleukin-16 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 37:1334–1337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard P, Sur S (2003) Interleukin-12: potential role in asthma therapy. BioDrugs 17:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao W, Lin JX, Leonard WJ (2011) IL-2 family cytokines: new insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 23(5):598–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Lee E, Hestir K et al (2008) Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. Science 320(5877):807–811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Nivick D, Kim SH, Rubinstein M (2000) Production of a biologically active human interleukin 18 requires its prior synthesis as PRO-IL-18. Cytokine 12(10):1519–1525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig CU, Ludwig-Habemann R, Obrist R et al (1990) Improved tolerance of interferon alpha-2a by continuous subcutaneous infusion. Onkologie 13:117–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutfalla G, Crollius HR, Stange-Thomman N et al (2003) Comparative genomic analysis reveals independent expansion of a lineage-specific gene family in vertebrates: the class II cytokine receptors and their ligands in mammals and fish. BMC Genomics 4:29–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyman GH (2005) Pegfilgrastim: a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with sustained duration of action. Expert Opin Biol Ther 5:1635–1646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malek TR, Castro I (2010) Interleukin-2 receptor signaling: at the interface between tolerance and immunity. Immunity 33(2):153–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BL et al (2011) Interleukin-36–receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. N Engl J Med 365:620–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Moczygemba M, Huston DP (2003) Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. J Allergy Clin Immunology 112(4):653–665

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren JE, Michael DR, Salter RC, Ashlin TJ, Calter CJ, Miller AM, Liew FY, Ramji DP (2010) IL-33 reduces macrophage foam cell formation. J Immunol 185(2):1222–1229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf D (2008) Hematopoietic cytokines. Blood 111(2):485–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motzer RJ, Ashok R, Thompson J et al (2002) Phase II trial of branched peginterferon-α 2a (40 kDa) for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 13:1799–1805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng EWM, Shima DT, Calias P et al (2006) Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:123–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noelle RJ, Nowak EC (2010) Cellular source and immune functions of interleukin-9. Nat Rev Immunol 10:683–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Zepp JA, Palmer BE, Bufler P, Dinarello CA (2010) IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity. Nat Immunol 11:1014–1022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardo M, Castillo I, Oliva H et al (1997) A pilot study of recombinant interleukin-2 for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 26(5):1318–1321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit DK, Bonnert TP, Eisenman J et al (1997) Structure-function studies of interleukin 15 using site-specific mutagenesis, polyethylene glycol conjugation, and homology modeling. J Biol Chem 272:2312–2318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platanias L (2005) Mechanism of type I- and type II-interferon mediated signaling. Nat Rev Immunol 5:375–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pockros P, Patel K, O’Brien CB (2003) A multicenter study of recombinant human interleukin-12 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with non-responsiveness to previous therapy. Hepatology 37:1368–1374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pushparay PN, Tay HK, H’ng SC et al (2009) The cytokine interleukin-33 mediates anaphylactic shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(24):9773–9778

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy KR, Modi WM, Pedder S (2002) Use of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 KD) (Pegasys®) for the treatment of hepatitis C. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:571–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Remick DG (2005) Interleukin-8. Crit Care Med 33(Suppl):S466–S467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RJM, Leung KC, Maamra M et al (2001) Binding and functional studies with the growth hormone receptor antagonist, B2036-PEG (Pegvisomant), reveal effects of pegylation and evidence that it binds to a receptor dimer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1716–1723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff JC (1996) Both cytokines and their antagonists have a place in clinical medicine. Eur Cytokine Netw 7:437 (Abstract 40)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellekens H (2006) Erythropoiesis-stimulating Agents ─ Present and Future. Business Briefing: European Endocrine Review 2006. Touch Briefings Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E et al (2005) IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity 23:479–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinman L (2007) A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13(2):139–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumhofer JS, Laurence A, Wilson HW et al (2006) Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17–producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat Immunol 7:937–945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talpaz M, Rakhit A, Rittweger K et al (2005) Phase I evaluation of a 40-kDa branched-chain long-acting pegylated IFN-a-2a with and without cytarabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 11:6247–6455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towne JE, Garka KE, Renshaw BR, Virca GD, Sims JE (2004) Interleukin (IL)-F6m IL-1F8, and IL-1F9 signal through IL-Rrp2 and IL-1RacP to activate the pathway leading to NF-κB and MAPKs. J Biol Chem 279:13677–13688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towne JE, Blair R, Renshaw BR, Douangpanya J, Lipsky BP, Shen M, Gabel CA, John E, Sims JE (2011) Interleukin-36 (IL-36) ligands require processing for full agonist (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) or antagonist (IL-36Ra) activity. J Biol Chem 286:42594–42602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trinchieri G (2003) Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity – review. Nat Rev Immunol 3:133–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trøseid M, Seljeflot I, Amesen H (2010) The role of interleukin-18 in the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 9:11–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunoda S, Ishikawa T, Watanabe M et al (2001) Selective enhancement of thrombopoietic activity of PEGylated interleukin 6 by a simple procedure using a reversible amino-protective reagent. Br J Haematol 112:181–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von der Thüsen J, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL (2003) Interleukins in atherosclerosis: molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rev 55:133–166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wacker A, Linton D, Hitchen P et al (2002) N-linked glycosylation in campylobacter jejuni and its functional transfer into E. coli. Science 298:1790–1793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldmann TA (2006) The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol 6:595–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Liang P (2005) Interleukin-24 and its receptors. Immunology 114:166–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White UA, Stephens JM (2011) The gp130 receptor cytokine family: regulators of adipocyte development and function. Curr Pharm Des 17(4):340–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills RJ (1990) Clinical pharmacokinetics of interferons. Clin Pharmacokinet 19:390–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills-Karp M (2004) Interleukin-13 in asthma pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 202:175–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski JA, Borish L (2011) Novel cytokines and cytokine-producing T cells in allergic disorders. Allergy Asthma Proc 32(2):83–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu W (2004) Interleukin-20. Int Immunopharmacol 4:527–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto Y, Tsutsumi Y, Yoshioka Y et al (2003) Site-specific PEGylation of a lysine-deficient TNF-α with full bioactivity. Nat Biotechnol 21:546–552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ (2010) Interleukin-21: a multifunctional regulator of immunity to infections. Microbes Infect 12(14–15):1111–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeuzem S, Hopf U, Carreno V et al (1999) A phase I/II study of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 29:1280–1286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeuzem S, Welsch C, Herrmann E (2003) Pharmacokinetics of peginterferons. Semin Liver Dis 23(Suppl 1):23–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Reviews which summarize the referenced subject in more detail:

    Google Scholar 

Interferons

  • Meager A (ed) (2006) The interferons: characterization and application. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 9783527311804 Online ISBN: 3-527-31180-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Pestka S, Krause CD, Walter M (2004a) Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol Rev 202:8–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pestka S (1981a) Interferons. In: Pestka S (ed) Methods in enzymology, vol 78. Academic Press, New York, p 632

    Google Scholar 

  • Pestka S (1981b) Interferons. In: Pestka S (ed) Methods in enzymology, vol 79. Academic Press, New York, p 677

    Google Scholar 

  • Pestka S (1986) Interferons. In: Pestka S (ed) Methods in enzymology, vol 119. Academic Press, New York, p 845

    Google Scholar 

  • Special issue: the neoclassical pathways of interferon signaling (2005) J Interferon Cytokine Res. 25:731–811

    Google Scholar 

Interleukins

  • Pestka S, Krause CD, Sarkar C et al (2004b) IL-10 and related cytokines and receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 22:929–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal LH (2004a) Interleukins of current clinical relevance (part I). J Clin Rheumatol 10:353–359

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal LH (2004b) Interleukins of current clinical relevance (part II). J Clin Rheumatol 11:34–39

    Google Scholar 

PEGylation

  • Bailon P, Palleroni A, Schaffer CA et al (2001) Rational design of a potent, long-lasting form of interferon: a 40 kDa branched polyethylene glycol. Conjugated interferon α-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C. Bioconjug Chem 12:195–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts MJ, Bentley MD, Harris JM (2002) Chemistry for peptide and protein PEGylation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:459–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y-S, Youngster S, Grace M et al (2002) Structural and biological characterization of pegylated recombinant interferon alpha-2b and its therapeutic implications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:547–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Research and Innovation Network, Rittergasse 14, Basel, CH-4051, Switzerland

    Jean-Charles Ryff M.D.

  2. PBL Interferon Source, Piscataway, NJ, USA

    Sidney Pestka M.D.

Authors
  1. Jean-Charles Ryff M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sidney Pestka M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Charles Ryff M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Daan J. A. Crommelin

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Robert D. Sindelar

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Bernd Meibohm

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ryff, JC., Pestka, S. (2013). Interferons and Interleukins. In: Crommelin, D., Sindelar, R., Meibohm, B. (eds) Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6486-0_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation