Abstract
Respiratory rhythm is generated by a network of neurons located in the ventrolateral medulla. Neuronal interactions with several other respiratory nuclei located in the medulla and pons shape the final pattern of rhythmic drive that coordinates the activation of the rib cage and abdominal and upper airway musculature. Further, there is continuous feedback of afferent signals from mechanoreceptors in the lung, airways, and respiratory muscles that help shape the motor pattern. Feedback from chemoreceptors located peripherally and centrally adjusts the level of ventilation to match metabolic requirements and maintain homeostasis. The respiratory control system is dynamic and plastic, able to meet an enormous range of metabolic and behavioral demands. Despite its robustness, the neural control of breathing is compromised in certain developmental, state-dependent, genetic, and pathological conditions.
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Abbreviations
- 5-HT:
-
Serotonin
- AMPA:
-
2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2- oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BötC:
-
Bötzinger complex
- cAMP:
-
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- CCHS:
-
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
- CCK:
-
Cholecystokinin
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- cVRG:
-
Caudal division of ventral respiratory group
- Dbx1:
-
Developing brain homeobox protein
- DRG:
-
Dorsal respiratory group
- GABA:
-
Îł-aminobutyric acid
- GFP:
-
Gastrin-releasing peptide
- KF:
-
Kölliker-Fuse nucleus
- LPBr:
-
Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- LRt:
-
Lateral reticular nucleus
- Mcp:
-
Medial cerebellar peduncle
- MeCP2:
-
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
- Mo5:
-
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- MPBr:
-
Medial parabrachial nucleus
- NK1R:
-
Neurokinin 1 receptor
- Nmb:
-
Neuromedin B
- NTS:
-
Nucleus of the solitary tractus
- OSA:
-
Obstructive sleep apnea
- P cells:
-
Pump cells
- PaCO2:
-
Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
- PAO2:
-
Partial pressure of alveolar oxygen
- PaO2:
-
Partial pressure of arterial oxygen
- pFL:
-
Lateral parafacial region
- pFRG/RTN:
-
Parafacial respiratory group/retrotrapezoid nucleus complex
- pFv:
-
Ventral parafacial region
- Pn:
-
Basilar pontine nuclei
- preBötC:
-
Pre-Bötzinger complex
- PRG:
-
Pontine respiratory group
- RAR:
-
Rapidly adapting receptor
- REM:
-
Rapid eye movement
- Robo3:
-
Roundabout homolog 3
- rVRG:
-
Rostral division of ventral respiratory group
- SAR:
-
Slowly adapting receptor
- scp:
-
Superior cerebellar peduncle
- SIDS:
-
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- SO:
-
Superior olive
- Sol:
-
Solitary tract
- SolC:
-
Commissural subdivision of the nucleus of the solitary tract
- SolVL:
-
Ventrolateral subdivision of the nucleus of the solitary tract
- sp5:
-
Spinal trigeminal tract
- SubP:
-
Substance P
- SUDEP:
-
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
- TASK:
-
Two-pore domain acid-sensitive K +
- TRH:
-
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- VE:
-
Minute ventilation
- vlPons:
-
Ventrolateral pontine region
- VRC:
-
Ventral respiratory column
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Greer, J.J., Funk, G.D. (2022). Respiration. In: Pfaff, D.W., Volkow, N.D., Rubenstein, J. (eds) Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_49-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_49-3
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