Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia implies oxygen interruption at birth, leading to death whenever reoxygenation is not promptly reestablished. Reoxygenation triggers a cascade of biochemical events for restoring function at the cost of improper homeostasis. The effects observed long after perinatal asphyxia have been explained by overexpression of sentinel proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), competing for NAD+ during reoxygenation, leading to the idea that sentinel protein inhibition constitutes a suitable therapeutic strategy. Asphyxia also induces transcriptional activation of proinflammatory factors, including NFκB, and its subunit p65, whose translocation to the nucleus was found here, is significantly increased in brain tissue from asphyxia-exposed animals, in tandem with PARP-1 overactivation, suggesting that PARP-1 inhibition downregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Indeed, TNF-α and IL-1β were found to be increased 8 and 24 h after perinatal asphyxia in mesencephalon and hippocampus of rat neonates.
The possible neuroprotection effect of nicotinamide has been studied in an experimental model of global perinatal asphyxia in rats, inducing the insult by immersing rat fetuses into a water bath for various periods of time. Following asphyxia, the pups are delivered, immediately treated, or given to surrogate dams for nursing, pending further experiments. Systemic administration of nicotinamide was found to rapidly distribute into the brain reaching a steady-state concentration sufficient to inhibit PARP-1 activity for several hours. Nicotinamide prevented several of the long-term consequences elicited by perinatal asphyxia, supporting the idea that it constitutes a lead for exploring compounds with similar or better pharmacological profiles.
The contribution of TN-P and PE-M has been equally relevant.
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Abbreviations
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- AN:
-
Nicotinamide-treated, asphyxia-exposed rats
- AS:
-
Asphyxia exposed, saline treated
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BAD:
-
Bcl-2-associated death factor
- BAX:
-
Bcl-2-associated X factor
- BBB:
-
Blood–brain barrier
- bFGF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- CREB:
-
cAMP-response element-binding protein
- CS:
-
Caesarean delivered, saline treated
- DG:
-
Dentate gyros
- DNMT1:
-
DNA(cytosine-5-)-methyl transferase 1
- DPQ:
-
3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone
- DR2313:
-
2-methyl-3,5,7,8-tetrahydrothiopyranol[4,3-d]pyrimidine-4-one
- E2F:
-
Family of DNA-binding transcription factors
- EPO:
-
Erythropoietin
- ERCC2:
-
Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair group 2
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FOXO:
-
Subclass of forkhead O family of transcription factors
- FR247304:
-
5-Chloro-2-[3-(4-phenyl-3,6-dihydro-1(2H)-pyridinyl) propyl]-4(3H)-quinazoline
- GAPDH:
-
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylases
- HIF:
-
Hypoxia-inducible factor
- HRE:
-
Hypoxia-responsive elements
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin-1β
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- IQ:
-
Intelligence quotient
- IκB:
-
Inhibitor of kappa B protein
- Ku70:
-
Protein encoded by the XRCC1 gene, required for the nonhomologous end joining pathway of DNA repair
- LIG3:
-
DNA ligase 3
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharides
- NAD+ :
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH:
-
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NFκB:
-
Nuclear factor-κB
- ONO-1924H:
-
N-3-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)phenyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl) butanamide methane sulfonate monohydrate
- P:
-
Postnatal day
- p300:
-
Histone acetyltransferase p300
- p65:
-
Transcription factor p65
- PAR:
-
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymers
- PARG:
-
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase
- PARPs:
-
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases
- PARylated PARP:
-
Poly-ADP-ribosylated PARP
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCAF:
-
P300/CBP-associated factor
- PCr:
-
Phosphocreatine
- PHD:
-
Prolyl hydroxylase domain
- PJ34:
-
[N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yL)-N,N-dimethylacetamide.HCl]
- POLB, DNA:
-
Polymerase-β
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SIRT:
-
Sirtuin
- SRY:
-
Sex-determining region Y
- Strep-HRP:
-
Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase
- SVZ:
-
Subventricular zone
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TUNEL:
-
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial factor
- XRCC1:
-
X-ray cross-complementing factor 1
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Acknowledgments
Contract grant sponsors: FONDECYT-Chile (contracts: 1120079; 1110263; 1120577) (MH-M; PM; MH), CONICYT/DAAD (contract: 1378–090529) (PJG-H; MH-M), Millennium Institute Initiative-Chile (BNI P09-015-F), BMBF (NGFN+ TP9), and DAAD (415/alechile) (PJ G-H). TN-P and VM are MECESUP (UCH0704) fellows; PE-M and ER-M are CONYCYT fellows. The excellent technical from Mr. Juan Santibañez and Ms. Carmen Almeyda is acknowledged.
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Neira-Peña, T. et al. (2014). Molecular, Cellular, and Behavioural Effects Produced by Perinatal Asphyxia: Protection by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Inhibition. In: Kostrzewa, R. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5836-4_115
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