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Battery Components, Active Materials for

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Batteries for Sustainability

Abstract

The active materials of a battery are the chemically active components of the two electrodes of a cell and the electrolyte between them.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Battery efficiency:

Output energy/input energy for storage of electrically energy as chemical energy.

Electrolyte window:

Separation of electrolyte LUMO and HOMO energies of a liquid electrolyte and of conduction and valence bands of a solid electrolyte.

Fermi energy:

Electrochemical potential of a solid.

HOMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital.

Insertion compound:

A host solid into which a working ion (guest) can be inserted/extracted reversibly over a solid-solution range.

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital.

Polarization, η = V OC − V(q, I):

Loss of battery voltage at a state of charge q due to resistance to ion transfer inside battery cell where an electronic current I is flowing outside of battery.

Rate of charge/ discharge, nC :

Time, (60/n) min, for complete discharge or charge of a battery or cell; it is also a measure of the current.

Redox couple:

Cation M(m+1)/Mm+ mixed-valent energy applicable to localized-electron configurations.

SEI layer:

Solid/electrolyte interface (passivation) layer at an electrode having its Fermi energy outside the electrolyte window.

Separator:

A solid layer permeable to the working ion that separates anode from cathode to prevent electron transfer between them inside a battery cell.

Spin state:

Refers to spin of a redox couple, which may be reduced (low-spin state) from its free-ion value (high-spin state) by a ligand-field splitting of energies of atomic orbitals that is larger than the Hund intraatomic-exchange splitting of electron spins.

State of charge:

Amount of chemical energy in a battery or cell relative to the total energy available.

Tap density:

A measure of the volume density, which increases with compaction of the active electrode particles.

Working ion:

Ion carrying ionic current inside a battery cell.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Texas Materials Institute, Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    J. B. Goodenough

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  1. J. B. Goodenough
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Correspondence to J. B. Goodenough .

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  1. Broddarp of Nevada, Fountain Springs Drive 2161, Henderson, 89014, Nevada, USA

    Ralph J. Brodd

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Goodenough, J.B. (2013). Battery Components, Active Materials for. In: Brodd, R. (eds) Batteries for Sustainability. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_3

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