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Oil Shale Processing, Chemistry and Technology

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Fossil Energy

Abstract

The work summarizes the various process emissions that occur during petroleum refining. There are also general descriptions of the various pollution, health, and environmental problems especially specific to the petroleum industry and places in perspective the government regulations as well as industry efforts to adhere to these regulations. The objective is to indicate the types of emissions and the laws that regulate these emissions.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Bitumen:

Orga Processing, Chemistry and Technology solvent-soluble portion of oil shale organic matter.

Direct retorting:

Retorting in which the process heat requirement is accomplished by combustion of a portion of the oil shale within the retort.

Ex situ retorting:

Oil shale retorting performed aboveground (requiring mining of the oil shale).

Indirect retorting:

Retorting in which the process heat requirement is provided by heated gaseous or solid heat carriers produced outside the retort, and then brought into contact with the retort contents.

In situ retorting:

Heating of oil shale underground in order to release shale oil (also called underground retorting). Confinement of the shale is provided by the surrounding earth, in this case.

Kerogen:

Macromolecular and organic solvent-insoluble organic matter of oil shale, but more broadly applied to these sorts of organic components of sedimentary rocks.

Oil shale:

Oil shale has a wide range of definitions. A general definition that encompasses most is that it consists of a sedimentary rock containing various amounts of solid organic material bound dispersedly in a mineral matrix and yielding principally a shale oil upon pyrolysis.

Pyrolysis:

A thermochemical decomposition process of organic matter, effected by heating the material in the absence of oxygen.

Retort gas:

Noncondensable combustible gas, a mixture of gases from an oil shale retort that remains after particulate matter and condensed liquids have been removed.

Retort water:

Water collected during oil shale retorting from offgas stream together with oil.

Retorting:

In shale oil recovery technologies, retorting is a pyrolytic process designed to produce oil. Generally, this process is performed by placing oil shale in a sealed vessel heated in order to promote pyrolysis; this reactor is called a retort.

Retorting residue or spent shale:

Solid waste material remaining after retorting. This material contains most of the mineral matter of the original shale (possibly partially decomposed) and a carbon-rich (char) residue from the organic fraction (which may sometimes be referred to as a semicoke).

Shale oil:

Room temperature liquid phase organic material, oil product, recoverable from the thermal decomposition of kerogen or separated from the offgas stream of an oil shale retort.

Thermobitumen:

A bitumen not contained in the original oil shale, but produced by the action of heat on the shale; a thermal degradation (pyrolysis) product of kerogen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia

    Vahur Oja

  2. Division of Engineering, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    Eric M. Suuberg

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  1. Vahur Oja
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  1. Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Lab., SRI International, Menlo Park, USA

    Ripudaman Malhotra

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Oja, V., Suuberg, E.M. (2013). Oil Shale Processing, Chemistry and Technology. In: Malhotra, R. (eds) Fossil Energy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5722-0_5

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