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Nuclear Facilities, Decommissioning of

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Abstract

The process of safely shutting down, dismantling, cleaning up, and monitoring nuclear facilities is collectively known as nuclear decommissioning. Nuclear power has been used as a source of energy for more than 50 years, and more than 500 nuclear reactors have been constructed and operated worldwide [1]. In addition to power plants, the nuclear fuel cycle requires different types of facilities to mine uranium, produce fresh nuclear fuel, and manage spent nuclear fuel and associated radioactive wastes after the fuel can no longer be effectively used to produce power.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Decommissioning:

Nuclear decommissioning is a term used to describe the process of removing a nuclear facility or site safely from service and reducing residual radioactivity to a level that permits (1) release of the property for unrestricted use and termination of the license or (2) release of the property under restricted conditions and termination of the license. Although waste classification and management is an important aspect of decommissioning, the details of radioactive waste management and disposal are not addressed in this article.

Decontamination:

The removal of undesired residual radioactivity from facilities, soils, or equipment, prior to the release of a site or facility and termination of a license. Also known as remediation, remedial action, and cleanup.

Exposure pathway:

The route by which radioactivity travels through the environment to eventually cause radiation exposure to a person or group.

Financial assurance:

A guarantee or other financial arrangement that ensures funds for decommissioning will be available when needed.

Institutional controls:

Administrative and physical measures to control access to a site and minimize disturbances to engineered measures established to control the residual radioactivity.

Monitoring:

The measurement of radiation levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations, or quantities of radioactive material and the use of the results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses.

Nuclear fuel cycle:

Consists of the different stages necessary to produce nuclear power. Specific stages include (1) the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle where uranium is mined and fuel is prepared, (2) the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and (3) the back end, which involves safe management, containment, and either reprocessing or disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Because uranium fuel is the most common type of nuclear fuel, this article focuses on the uranium nuclear fuel cycle.

Radiological survey:

An evaluation of the radiological conditions and potential hazards at a site related to the production, use, transfer, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive material or other sources of radiation. Radiological surveys can be used to provide the basis for acquiring necessary technical information to develop, analyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.

Residual radioactivity:

Radioactivity in structures, materials, soils, groundwater, and other media at a site resulting from activities under the licensee’s control, excluding background radiation.

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  1. Geosciences and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX, 78228-0510, USA

    Dr. David R. Turner

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Turner, D.R. (2013). Nuclear Facilities, Decommissioning of. In: Tsoulfanidis, N. (eds) Nuclear Energy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5716-9_9

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