Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diabetes

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 771))

Abstract

The chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing global problem with huge social, health, and economic consequences. It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally 285 millionpeople (approximately 6.4% of the adult population) suffering from this disease. This number is estimated to increase to 430 million in the absence of better control or cure. An ageing population and obesity are two main reasons for the increase. Furthermore it has been shown that almost 50% of the putative diabetics are not diagnosed until 10 years after onset of the disease, hence the real prevalence of global diabetes must be astronomically high.

This chapter introduces the types of diabetes and diabetic complications such as impairment of immune system, periodontal disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, somatic and autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases and diabetic foot. Also included are the current management and treatments, and emerging therapies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes care 1998; 21(9):1414–1431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO. 2011 [cited 2011; available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/.

  3. Pessin JE, Saltiel AR. Signaling pathways in insulin action: molecular targets of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000; 106(2): 165–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Phillips JM, Parish NM, Raine T et al. Type 1 diabetes development requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and can be reversed by non-depleting antibodies targeting both T-cell populations. Rev Diabet Stud 2009; 6(2):97–103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gorodezky C, Alaez C, Murguía A et al. HLA and autoimmune diseases: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) as an example. autoimmun Eev 2006; 5(3):87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Jun S-K, Yoon Y-W. A new look at viruses in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism research and reviews 2002; 19:8–31.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes care 1998; 21(4):518–524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Masharani Uak JH. Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, ed. Tierney Jr LM, McPhee SJ and Papadakis M. 2001, N w York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Maria L, Rugolo SDS, Bentlin MR et al. Pre-eclampsia: Effect on the Fetus and Newborn. Neo Reviews 2011; 12:198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fajans SS, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:971–980.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. WHO, WHOSG. Diabetes mellitus. Technical report Series 1985; Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_727_OnlinePDF.pdf.

  12. 12. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care 2004; 27Suppl l:S5–S10.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mehta SN, Wolfsdorf JI. Contemporary management of patients with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North am 2010; 39(3):573–593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zarogoulidis P, Papanas N, Kouliatsis G et al. Inhaled insulin: too soon to be forgotten? J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2011; Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chaillous L, lefevre H, Thivolet C et al. Oral insulin administration and residual (β-cell function in recent onset type-1diabetes: multicentre randomised control trial. The Lancet 2000; 356(9229):545–549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Card JW and Magnuson BA. A review of the efficacy and safety of Nanoparticle-Based Oral Insulin delivery system. Am Phys Soc 2011; Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Conditions, TNCCfC, Type 1 diabetes in adults: National clinical guideline for management in primary and secondary care. 2004, Lndon: Royal college of physicians.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Conditions, TNCCfC, Type 2 diabetes: national clinical guideline formanagement in primary and secondary care. 2008, Lndon: Royal college of physicians.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nyenwe EA, Jerkins TW, Umpierrez GE et al. Management of type 2 diabetes: evolving strategies for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2010; 60(1):1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gallwitz B. The evolving place of incretin-based therapies in type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25(7):1207–1217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Riedel MJ, Kieffer TJ. Treatment of diabetes with glucagon-like peptide-1 gene therapy. Expert opin Biol Ther2010; 10(12):1681–1692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Washburn WN. Evolution of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as anti-diabetic agents. Expert opin Ther Pat 2009; 19(11): 1485–1499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vardanyan M, Parkin E, Gruessner C et al. Pancreas vs islet transplantation: a call on the future. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15(1):124–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kroon E, Martinson LA, Kadoya K et al. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26(4):443–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gonez LJ, knight KR. Cell therapy for diabetes: stem cells, progenitors or beta-cell replication? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 323(1):55–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Boyle PJ. Diabetes mellitus and macrovascular disease: mechanisms and mediators. AM J Med 2007; 120(9 Suppl 2):S12–S17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ceriello A. Hyperglycaemia and the vessel wall: the pathophysiological aspects on the atherosclerotic burden in patients with diabetes. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S15–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Casellini CM, Vinik AI. Clinical manifestations and current treatment options for diabetic neuropathies. Endocr Pract 2007; 13(5):550–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Edwards JL, Vincent AM, Cheng HT et al. Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2008; 120(1):1–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Selby JV, FitzSimmons SC, Newman M et al. The natural history and epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy. Implications for prevention and control. JAMA 1990; 263(14): 1954–1960.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lindley S, Dayan CM, Bishop A et al. Defective suppressor function in CD4+ CD25+ T-cells from patients with type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54(1):92–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Salomon B, Lenschow DJ, Rhee L et al. B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the homeostasis of the CD4+ CD25+ Immunoregulatory T-cells that control Autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 2000; 12(4):431–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pozzilli P, Leslie RDG. Infections and diabetes: Mechanisms and prospects for prevention. Diabetic Medicine 2009; 11(10):935–941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. Fungal infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9(1):97–116.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Peleg AY, Weerarathna T, McCarthy JS et al. Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes/Metabolism research and reviews 2006; 23(1):3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Genco RJ, Grossi SG, Ho A et al. A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. J Periodont 2005; 76(11):2075–2084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Eckhard M, Lengler A, Liersch J et al. Fungal foot infections in patients with diabetes mellitus-results of two independent investigations. Mycoses 2007; 50(S2): 14–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Exeter, UK

    Kirti Kaul, Joanna M. Tarr, Eva M. Kohner & Rakesh Chibber

  2. School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Shamim I. Ahmad

Authors
  1. Kirti Kaul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joanna M. Tarr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shamim I. Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eva M. Kohner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rakesh Chibber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shamim I. Ahmad .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Shamim I. Ahmad BSc, MSc, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaul, K., Tarr, J.M., Ahmad, S.I., Kohner, E.M., Chibber, R. (2013). Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus. In: Ahmad, S.I. (eds) Diabetes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 771. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5441-0_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation