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Non-Muscle-Invasive Low- and High-Grade Neoplasia

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The Urinary Tract

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Abstract

Bladder cancer imposes a considerable burden on patients and health care systems around the world. Estimates predict more than 70,000 new cases of bladder cancer and more than 14,000 deaths in 2010 in the USA [1]. Bladder cancer is three times more common in men than in women and roughly twice as common in Caucasians as African-Americans. For unknown reasons, relative mortality rates are lower for men and for Caucasians [2, 3]. The risk of bladder cancer increases with age, peaking between the sixth and eighth decades of life, creating unique challenges in treatment related to existing comorbidities [4, 5]. At the time of diagnosis, 75 % of patients present with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC); 70–80 % are limited to the mucosa (Ta, Tis) and the remaining 20–30 % invade the lamina propria (T1) [6].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 3875 TC/SPC 5330 1500 E Medical Center Drive 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Robert Jackson

  2. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Hikmat Al-Ahmadie & Victor E. Reuter

  3. Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive 7303 CCGC SPC 5946, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5946, USA

    Cheryl T. Lee

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  4. Cheryl T. Lee
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Correspondence to Cheryl T. Lee .

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  1. Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Donna E. Hansel

  2. Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    Jesse K. McKenney

  3. Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Section of Urologic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Andrew J. Stephenson

  4. Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37232-2765, Tennessee, USA

    Sam S. Chang

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Jackson, R., Al-Ahmadie, H., Reuter, V.E., Lee, C.T. (2012). Non-Muscle-Invasive Low- and High-Grade Neoplasia. In: Hansel, D., McKenney, J., Stephenson, A., Chang, S. (eds) The Urinary Tract. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5320-8_6

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